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Mexico Travel Safety

2010-02-17T07:01:00.003-08:00

What are some of the crimes that you should be aware of?

For starters there are currently drug wars involving rivalry drug dealers and Mexican police and military officials. Although this is not occurring throughout the country, travelers to border towns should be careful.

There are also a significant number of street crimes. These include pick pocketing, purse snatching, and armed robberies against tourists. Many of these crimes are perpetrated against foreigners using public transportation.

Hotel room thefts are also quiet common in Mexico. For this reason tourists should be sure to place their passports and valuables inside safes in the room. Also, doors should remain closed and locked at all times, even when you are in the room.

Foreigners using ATM machines are often approached by robbers and thieves who force victims to withdraw large amounts of cash and surrender it.

Women traveling alone should use extreme caution. There have been numerous incidents of lone female being sexually assaulted.

67 Days of Smiles in Orlando

2010-02-17T07:01:00.001-08:00

Hey! Have you heard about the 67 Days of Smiles in Orlando? I’m working with the Orlando CVB to get the word out about an event where two Orlando Smile Ambassadors, Kyle & Stacey, will be experiencing all of Orlando’s more than 100 attractions in just 67 days! These two lucky winners were selected to document and blog about their adventures on 67 Days of Smiles. Just last week, they experienced the Fantasy of Flight, went to see the Blue Man Group, scoped out Ming Court on International Drive, and met a Beluga whale at Sea World!

Check out this video for more back-story on how Kyle and Stacey earned the best social media job on the planet: YouTube – Meet Kyle and Stacey

By the way, fans of the Visit Orlando Facebook page have the opportunity to win all kinds of Orlando-themed prizes like attraction tickets, gift certificates to restaurants, or even a free smile-filled vacation to Orlando! You can also stay up-to-date with the latest on Kyle & Stacey via Twitter @67Days.

What are some of your favorite things to do and see in Orlando? Be sure to let Kyle & Stacey know what you think are the best attractions to experience!

New york event space

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Summer is always a great time to host a birthday party. A lot of options are present in NYC for all the budgets in order to party. It may range from very low cost to extremely expensive celebration. Basically it depends upon the spending power of any person or rather how much a person wish to spend in any party. There are many outdoor locations and activities for birthday parties.
Some of the most popular event spaces to host summer birthdays in New York City include: ABIGAIL KIRSCH-PIER SIXTY, Bowlmor Lanes, Gotham Hall, Boucarou Lounge, The Bryant Park Hotel, Battery Park.
Battery Park is situated between the 5th and 6th avenues & the 40th and 42nd streets, behind the New York Public Library in Manhattan. It offers one of the best locations for hosting an event in New York. Several events have been hosted at Battery Park in last few years.
Boucarou Lounge offers a beautiful space for hosting events. The staff and food is great. Located on top of the Boucarou Lounge, it offers great views. Though the space is a bit small, but nevertheless it’s a great place to be in.
We have a organize birthday party from nycvenueguide.com. They have provide full services. You may visit one of his websites about a event spaces booking in nycvenueguide.com to find more details.

Arizona condos

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There is no place in USA quite like Arizona. And when it comes to luxury living in the state no other homes can beat the plush Arizona condominiums. Spread over acres of lands, and provided with all sorts of exciting amenities, ranging from swimming pools and fitness centers to spas and shopping plazas, Arizona condos mean array of activities and enjoyment for the residents.

Arizona with its unique charm continues to lure the investors to its real estate market even when the market takes a downward turn. Be it single family homes or Arizona condos— homeowners in the sunshine state always retain strong home values. And it is this strong real estate market that instills confidence in home buyers for acquiring condo homes in Arizona.

Need accommodation advice for Toronto!

2010-02-17T06:59:00.005-08:00

Hello everyone, we are a group of executives that are planning to go on a trip to Toronto and will be staying there for a week or so. We have seen the prior arrangements for there and we are just worried about the accommodations there. I have searched quite a bit and found that there are a few good hotels out there and would like to know more about the accommodations available there in an economical range.
Thanks in advance!

Canada vacation

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Here are 10 suggestions for a classic Canada vacation.

1.Fall in Love with Old Quebec City
2.Tour Cape Breton Island
3.Ski Whistler Blackcomb
4.Camp in Algonquin Park
5.Eat, Shop and Take in a Show in Toronto
6.See Niagara Falls
7.Giddyup to the Calgary Stampede
8.Visit the Anne of Green Gables Homestead
9.See Ottawa, Canada’s Nation

Vancouver Aquarium: Vancouver Aqaurium Beluga Whales

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really don’t know what to say about the Aquarium other than it was amazing. It was $16.5 CDN to enter for an adult. There is cheaper pricing for children and seniors.

I was really blown away by the Beluga Whales, there are several at the Aquarium.

“Kavna” is a female beluga who is approximately 3.8 metres in length and weighs about 1000 kg. At about 32 years of age, Kavna eats 11 kg of herring, squid and capelin a day.

“Allua” is only a teenager at about 19 years of age. She is 3.2 metres long and about 794 kg, eating 10.5 kg of herring, squid and capelin.

“Imaq” is the only male beluga, he’s a bit heavier at about 1340 kg and 3.9 metres long. His daily diet is 14 kg of herring, squid and capelin. Imaq is about 15 years old.

Sports

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Canada have three major sports that they are involved in. Which to my surprise is less than I thought it would be but . Ice hockey, baseball and canadian football.

Ice hockey
With players hurtling around at nearly 50kph and the puck clocking speeds of over 160kph, this would be a high-adrenaline sport even without its relaxed attitude to combat on the rink – as an old Canadian adage has it, “I went to see a fight and an ice-hockey game broke out”. Players, especially in the minor leagues, are as adept at a right hook as they are at skating, and a few years ago the national team waged such a battle against the Soviet Union that the fight only stopped when officials turned all the lights off.

Canadian football
Professional Canadian football , played under the aegis of the Canadian Football League (CFL) , is largely overshadowed by the National Football League in the US, chiefly because the best home-grown talent moves south in search of better money while NFL castoffs move north to fill the ranks. The two countries’ football games vary slightly, but what differences do exist tend to make the Canadian version more exciting. In Canada the playing field is larger and there are twelve rather than eleven players on each team . There is also one fewer down in a game – ie after kickoff the attacking team has three, rather than four, chances to move the ball forward ten yards and score a first down en route to a touchdown .

Travel to Montreal’s Celebrity Hotel

2010-02-17T06:58:00.007-08:00

A new Celebrity Hotel opened in Montreal a few months back and it is offering very low prices for a couple of months in order to start their giving out their services.

The hotel, which is located in the downtown part of Montreal, is also in the corner of St-Denis and Rene-Levesque. Formed by joining two hotels due to bad reputations. This hotel is a boutique hotel which is part of the chains of hotels of Exclusive Chain Hotel group.

Top places that make me to visit Cananda again and again…

2010-02-17T06:58:00.005-08:00

I think these are few famous places in Canada…

* Vancouver
* Calgary
* Niagara Falls
* Toronto
* Ottawa
* Montreal
* Quebec City
* Halifax
* Victoria

Canada’s Natural Wonders

* Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks
* Dinosaur Provincial Park
* Nahanni National Park Reserve
* Cabot Trail
* Niagara Falls

Canada festivals

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personal safety

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Travel agents and tour operators are likely to require some sort of insurance when you book a package holiday, though according to UK law they can’t make you buy their own (other than a £1 premium for “schedule airline failure”). If you have a good all-risks home insurance policy it may cover your possessions against loss or theft even when overseas. Many private medical schemes such as BUPA or PPP also offer coverage plans for abroad, including baggage loss, cancellation or curtailment and cash replacement as well as sickness or accident.

Amsterdam Nightlife

2010-02-17T06:57:00.007-08:00

I have listed the Amsterdam nightlife that you should definitely not miss.

- Red Light District (The world famous Amsterdam Red Light District is among the most popular Amsterdam nightlife areas).
- Coffee Shops (The Amsterdam coffeeshops generally do not sell any alcohol however they do have menus that include a wide range of weed, hash and magic mushrooms).
- Paradiso (This great Amsterdam nightlife venue is located in a former church and can be found in a small street running into the Leidseplein. Visitors can expect to find a wide range of music being performed at the Paradiso Amsterdam).

REMEMBER: Amsterdam turns wild and crazy after sunset in the Dutch capital.

Ibiza Spain

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Ibiza, smallest of the three Balearic Islands, A place where you should go if you love to party a lot. Nevertheless, the island of Ibiza is internationally known not only because of its non-stop party atmosphere, but also for its cultural and natural features. A great part of the island is listed under the United Nations World Heritage Sites. The treasures underlying this land are innumerable. Inland from the coastline, the traditional scenery of many villages and remote country houses and villas has remained intact, retaining the unique character of this island.

Make the Most of Bangkok

2010-02-17T06:57:00.003-08:00

Bangkok’s nightlife has a reputation for being wild and rowdy. But at the same time it’s relaxed, safe, enjoyable and great fun!!

There are soooooooo many categories to enjoy yourself in this city and here are some of them :

Bar / Beer Bar
A-Go-Go Bar
Pubs
Cocktail Lounge
Discotheques
Massage Parlour
Music Lover and Live Band
Karaoke
Cabaret Show
Escort Service

New york Restaurant

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In New York City, there is an endless variety of restaurants. If you are searching for the best New York restaurant, begin by deciding on the type of cuisine you are interested in. Whether you are looking for cuisine from American to Mexican, Asian to Indian, Cajun to Greek or anything in between, you will find it in New York City.
From cozy to modern, you will find restaurants all over the city to pleasure your senses. Dine inside or outside on the most delicious food available with delectable sauces and accompanying excellent wines. Your taste buds will be tantalized with some of the finest dining in the world, with a restaurant to satisfy everyone’s’ wishes.
Tucked in between the array of shops, homes, and bigger restaurants are cozy restaurants with succulent cuisine from appetizers to desserts. Some of the best New York restaurants are set in a more casual impression where a group of friends can divide old memories and make new ones as they enjoy an outstanding dinner.
Throughout the city you can dine at a restaurant, bar, or bistro. Most of the best New York restaurants require dinner time reservations, although you may be more apt to get a seat at a bar or bistro without one. Typical restaurants are having elements like tables and booths with an enjoyable and exciting atmosphere. At a bistro, you will find a more relaxing atmosphere with the menu featuring specialty items from around the world. Meals at a Bistro are usually home cooked, simple and made with fresh, local ingredients and are often accompanied by a glass of wine. If you are looking for a fun and very casual atmosphere, stop by one of the many local bars and join “the regulars” for a quick bite to eat and a beer. Many corner bars are rich in family history and date back to early immigration.
So before you are ready to head into the city, visit NYC Venue Guide to see the listing of the best New York restaurants. While browsing our site, check out the discounted dining certificates for our featured restaurants. But remember, no matter which restaurant you choose, you will be guaranteed a wonderful night out in the city with a delightful meal at one of the best New York restaurants

Beefeater Pattaya

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The Beefeater has just opened in Pattaya. I really did enjoy the food at the Beefeater.

(The Beefeater Steak House and Pub, 216/30-31 Soi Diana Inn, Pattaya Second Road (in the arcade opposite Mike Shopping Mall), Central Pattaya, telephone 038 720 926. Open 4 p.m. until midnight seven days. Street parking).

Wonderful Stay at Perhentian Island Tunabay Resort

2010-02-17T06:56:00.005-08:00

Hi, my name is Lou. For island, sun and sea lovers, especially if you are visiting Malaysia, may i personally recommend you to a great resort in Pulau Perhentian. I stayed 5days 4nights in this resort called “Perhentian Tunabay Island Resort”

The resort is rated as the #1 Resort in Perhentian Islands. The rooms are simply but nicely furnished, with comfortable beds, aircon and fans and hot water. I went round to a few hotels in the island and I honestly think this resort is the cleanest.

The staff were helpful and pleasant,as in fact were all the people on the island, and the standard of food in the restaurant good- the banana lassi and the Thai soup were especially nice!

I’d recommend this for families, couples, and it has the best cocktails on the islands! Do see it yourself at Perhentian Tunabay Island Resort | Pulau Perhentian. Happy Holidays

Malioboro – Yogyakarta is a souvenir paradise

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Stretching on imaginary poles connecting Yogyakarta Sultan Palace, Tugu and the peak of Merapi Mountain, this street forms trading locality after Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono I developed means of trading through traditional market since 1758. After 248 years, the place still persists as a trading area; it even becomes the icon of Yogyakarta, known as Malioboro.

Located around 800 meters from Yogyakarta Sultan Palace, this place was always crowded with flowers each time the Palace held ceremonies. Malioboro that in Sanskrit means bouquet serves as a basis for naming this street.

Framed by shops, offices, restaurants, star hotels and historical buildings, the street that once functioned as struggling center during the second Dutch military aggression in 1948 was once a place of wandering for the artists joining together in Persada Studi Klub (PSK) community led by Umbul Landu Paranggi since 1970s to around the end of 1990s.

Go to Malioboro (don’t change with Marllboro)

Copenhagen is a great place for shopping

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One of the things that make Copenhagen (Denmark) so attractive for shoppers is that you can do the whole thing by foot. Be sure you visit the pedestrian shopping street Strøget and Købmagergade with several small boutiques and the malls as Illum and Magasin. You can wander for hours and still find the shopping exciting.

(You will find exclusive boutiques as well)

Common opening hours in Copenhagen are
Monday – Friday: 10.00 to 18.00 or 19.00 (10 am – 6 or 7 pm)
Saturday: 9.00 to 15.00 (9 am – 3 pm)
Sunday: only bakeries, florists and souvenir shops.

Malls and department stores may have longer opening hours.

Shopping in Tampa

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Shopping in Tampa is a pleasant experience that all tourists should try when they are in the area. The shopping experience in Tampa has changed since the old days with the addition of new malls in the districts. Tampa is a historic city, so there are also a lot of old places that still cater to people who want to shop in quaint market places and shopping areas.

Some of the shopping places that you have to go to when you are in Tampa include the Big Top Flea Market, the University Mall, Old Hyde Park Village, and the International Plaza.

Nature İn Germany

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Seacoasts: Germany’s north has coasts to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The landscape, especially along the North Sea shore is very flat, the climate is rough with strong winds and mild, chilly temperatures. Due to the south-easterly winds that press water into the German Bight, tidal variations are exceptionally high, creating the “Wattenmeer”: Vast areas of the seabed are uncovered twice a day, allowing one to walk from one of the numerous islands to another. The North Sea islands just off the coast are very picturesque, although mostly visited by the Germans themselves. Most of the north sea islands are free of car traffic and guarantee a silent holiday. Out in the German Bight lies the country’s only off-shore island, Helgoland. Thanks to the strong winds, Wind-Surfing is possible all year round. Do not expect Hawaiian temperatures, though.
Forests: Germans are fanatic about their forests. While they are much smaller now than they used to be in medieval times, they are still huge compared to forests in other, especially western and southern European countries and only thinly populated. Among others, the Black Forest and the Bayrischer Wald have been declared national heritage and will, over the course of the next centuries, slowly return into a wild state. Although Germans love to go for long walks and hikes in these dark and humid woods, there’s space enough for everyone to get lost. If you take one of the smaller paths you may not meet another person for the rest of the day (this in a country of 230 people per square kilometer). Especially the more remote areas are of an almost mythical beauty. It is no wonder the brothers Grimm could collect all those fairytales among the dark canopies, and a large part of the German poetry circles around trees, fog and those lonely mountain tops. Even Goethe sent his Faust to the Brocken for his most fantastic scene. Today, wild animals, although abound, are mostly very shy, so you might not get to see many. While a few wolves in Saxony and a bear in Bavaria have been sighted, their immigration from Eastern Europe caused quite a stir. In the course of events “Bruno” (the bear) was shot, and while the wolves are under heavy protection local hunters have been suspected of killing them illegally. The most dangerous animal in Germany’s forests is by far the wild boar, especially sows leading young are nothing to joke about. Wild boar are used to humans, since they often plunder trash cans in villages and suburbs and their teeth can rip big wounds. If you see one, run.
Mountains: The centre half of Germany is a patchwork of the so-called “Mittelgebirge”: Hilly rural areas where fields and forests intermix with larger cities. Many of these hillranges are tourist destinations. Most noteably are the Bayrischer Wald (Bavarian Forest), the Black Forest, the Harz, the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) and Elbsandstone Mountains. In the extreme south, bordering Austria, Germany contains a small portion of the Alps, Central Europe’s highest elevation, rising as high as 4000m (12,000 ft) above sea level, with the highest summit in Germany being the Zugspitze, at 2962m (9717 ft). While only a small part of the Alps lie in Germany, they are famous for their beauty and the unique Bavarian culture. A lot of people go there or further south into neighboring Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein for skiing in the winter and hiking and climbing in the summer.
Lake Constance: Lying along the country’s south-western border with Switzerland and Austria, Lake Constance is Germany’s largest fresh-water lake. The area around the Lake and up the lower Rhine valley has a very mild, amenable climate and fertile grounds, making it the country’s most important area for wine and fruit growing.
The Romantic Road (Itinerary): is the most famous scenic route in Germany. It starts in Würzburg and ends in Füssen. Most important points to visit on the Romantic Street are the cities: Würzburg, Harburg, Donauwörth, Rothenburg ob der Tauber (Definitely recommended–the best preserved Medieval city in Germany by far, with its original, complete city walls and no modern construction–if you can stand the crowds of tourists that have taken over the town, see this city. Some areas of the old city are less picturesque but very residential in character, including the high street. Be aware that the city closes extremely early, and the last triains leave around 20:00, or 8pm), Landsberg am Lech and Augsburg. Most notable wider areas are: Taubertal, Nördlinger Ries and Lechrain.
Bertha Benz Memorial Route (Itinerary): This tourist route follows the tracks of the world’s first long-distance journey by automobile in the year 1888, performed by Bertha Benz, the wife of Dr. Carl Benz, the inventor of the automobile. It starts and ends in Mannheim. Important cities along Bertha Benz Memorial Route are: Heidelberg, Wiesloch (with the world’s first filling station, a pharmacy), Pforzheim, Bretten, Hockenheim and Schwetzingen. Important landscapes: Rhine Valley, Odenwald and Black Forest.

Canada Festivals

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Calgary Winterfest
All things show will be highlighted during the event. A children’s carnival will be set up indoors at Devonian Gardens. There will be skiing and snowboarding at Olympic Park. Canoe portage competitions and an array of winter sports will complete the list of activities.
Annual Festival du Voyageur
An annual celebration of “joie de viure” highlights French Canadian history. A street party, dog sled races, parade and winter sportsl competitions provide something for everyone. Log sawing, barrel balancing, and beard growing all make the list of sports to watch.
Kellogg’s Quebec City Winter Carnival
A great all city festival with music and street fun. Ice sculptures and snow activities for the entire family. The carnival mascot BonHomie leads the festivities
Fete des Neiges
Ice sculptures, skating, tobogganing, singing in the streets of the old city, pure family fun and revelry in Parc des Iles, Montreal
Winterlude.
North America’s largest winter festival includes endless activities for families. The festival’s activities line the longest skating rink in the world. Outaouais/Ottawa.
Thunder on Ice
The big event in the north. Snowmobiles, cars, ATV’s and dirt bikes will be competing for over $150,000 in prize money. A concert with big name music stars is also planned. TV coverage will reach 25 million households in North America.

Dubai Nightlife in Some Of Its Famous Bars

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The progressive and bustling lifestyle Dubai enjoys is consummated by its vibrant and sprightly nightlife. Bars and nightclubs open their doors to locals and especially to tourists to make their stay in the city as memorable as possible.
Indeed tourists can make the most of the trip to this beautiful and lively emirate by spending the night away in one of its famous bars or nightclubs. Among the most frequented bars in Dubai are the Alamo Bar, the Bridges Bar, the Fairmont Cigar Bar, Carter’s Cafe Bar, and the Atlantis Nightclub.
The Alamo Bar:
This bar is a favorite hangout among locals and tourists alike. It is easily accessible and is close to the Abu Dhabi International Airport. The bar offers live entertainment, which is provided by its in-house Cuban band named the Costarena. The bar has an evident groovy ambiance, the result of the combination of margaritas and Latino tunes. A night in this bar can mean an almost endless night of Samba and Salsa dancing.
The Bridges Bar:
Those who’ve been to this bar swear the place seems to have a magnet that pulls night revelers to it. This bar is located at Sheikh Zayed Road, and adjoins the equally popular Fairmont Hotel. Beer and champagne are the usual drinks served here. A feature unique to this bar is the enchanting music played by its in-house musician on a piano. Inside this bar, the atmosphere is sublime.
The Fairmont Cigar Bar:
This bar is considered one of the finest bars in Dubai. It is located on the 2nd floor of the Fairmont Hotel. A feature unique to this bar is its walk-in humidor, presenting the bar’s exclusive collection of cigars. Cigar lovers will have a wide range of choices of the best in Cuban cigars here. The bar also serves a wide range of international cuisine.
Carter’s Cafe Bar:
This bar is unique for its Egyptian-themed interiors. It is situated in the heart of the Wafi City. The splendid views of Wafi Gardens from the bar’s open terrace never fail to entice visitors to keep coming back here. A wide range of drinks, ranging from the strongest of beers to the oldest of wines, is offered here. Served in this bar are some of the finest French white wine varieties, including Chardonnay, Riesling, and Sauvignon Blanc. The bar is also noted for its wide variety of international cuisines.
The Atlantis Nightclub:
This bar is located on Sheikh Zayed Road, near the Hard Rock Cafe. Lively music, mesmerizing lights and enjoyable drinks are the main features of this bar. Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays are reserved for ladies of all age. The bar offers a mixture of jazz, rock, disco, R&B and techno music. A wide range of drinks and a comprehensive menu are likewise offered here.
Tourists who want to spice up their night ventures in Dubai can also try some of the other popular bars in the city. The other most frequented ones include the Hard Rock Cafe, the Peppermint Club, the Copacabana Nightclub, Irish Village, the Planetarium Nightclub, the Tropicana Night Club, and Jimmy Dix.

Dubai Transportation – Traveling Around Dubai

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Dubai Transportation – Traveling Around Dubai

The beautiful Emirate of Dubai is one of seven states that make up the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the Middle East. It has emerged as a world city and an international business hub, especially because of its mega real estate projects and rich sporting events.
It is no wonder that tourism is a major source of revenues for Dubai. People from around the world are intrigued by its continuous growth and, therefore, are attracted to travel to the Emirate.
Traveling around Dubai is convenient and is quite an experience. What’s amazing is that transportation in Dubai is a reflection of the concordant mixture of tradition and up-to-dateness that is not usually seen or experienced in some other parts of the region.
Amidst Dubai’s modern outlook and the latest in transportation, for instance, people continue to use traditional means of transportation, such as the ever-reliable camels and the small motorboats called Abra. This means that the culture of Dubai has remained strong in spite of the progress the Emirate is going through.
Of the various modes involved in Dubai transportation, buses are perhaps the most widely used. This is true for both local residents and foreign travelers. The municipality of Dubai is in charge of the public transport system, and it has strengthened this with a highly reliable bus service.
Consider these: There are 417 bus schedules on peak hours in each of the working days of the week. The buses are run on 62 lines or routes, covering about 170,000 kilometers (106,000 miles) to satisfy the demands of some 2.5 million travelers every day. A bus passenger is charged from 1 to 4 dirham per trip, depending of course on the distance of his/her travel.
There are about 8 bus stations, each of which is manned by courteous and alert attendants. The other features of the Dubai bus transport service include bus stops (about 1,500), wayside passenger shelters (around 150), and point-to-point timetables strategically placed on the 400 or so busiest stops. Maintenance of the buses is done at 3 bus depots, each of which is equipped with the latest in technology.
The modernity of the Dubai transportation system is also evident in its taxi service. In this area, for example, a new service feature is introduced, one that makes the taxi service in Dubai friendly to women passengers. This new taxi service feature is composed of about 50 vehicles and some 100 women specifically trained for driving the taxis around Dubai and the rest of the UAE.
Finally, there’s the traditional Abra service. This is a favorite of many tourists and is common among local residents. The best part of traveling on an Abra is the experience of crossing the captivating Dubai Creek. Every day, some 150 Abras traverse the famous Creek. The Abra service has two main lines: one is between Sabakha and Old Souk, and the other is between Deira Old Souk and Bur Dubai.
The Dubai transportation system is not complete without the usual car-rental service. And a leisurely way of moving around Dubai is by a bicycle, which a tourist can also hire.

Travel To France… France

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France is the my favorite country. İ often Travel to France . France is the most visited country…
France is the most visited country in the world. It has everything that you could ever want to see on your holidays: a great city like Paris, good beaches, more monuments than any other country, lovely nature, incredible mountain scenery; need I go on? France is also a very pleasant place to stay. It has good food, great wines and people enjoy their lives. And the best thing is, maybe apart from Paris, living in France does not have to be expensive. The North of France consists of the flatlands around the town of Lille and the English Channel. This area will remind visitors in many ways of Belgium and the Netherlands. The Grand’ Place in Lille for example is a lot like the one in Brussels.
Paris, the city of light and its surroundings are some of the most visited areas. Paris is without a doubt one of the most beautiful cities on the planet.
The West of France is facing towards the Atlantic Coast. In the north Normandy & Brittany have rolling hills, sandy beaches and quiet little harbour towns. Normandy & Brittany have a more rugged coast and many neolithic sites. It has quite a distinct atmosphere from the rest of the country; you can still sense the Celtic origin of the region in its inhabitants.
The eastern part of France consists of the Alsace, Lorraine, Franche Comté and Burgundy regions. The landscape has rolling hills and many beautiful cities, such as Metz, Strasbourg, Nancy and Dijon. This region produces many famous wines, including magnificent pinot noirs and chardonnays valued the world over, as well as the famous “Yellow wine” from the Jura mountain vineyard.
The Centre of France is in many ways the most quietest part of France. But the great treasure of this region is the Loire valley , with many great castles and beautiful towns. Chartres with its famous cathedral and Tours rates among the most beautiful French cities.
The Alps are great for skiing in winter and hiking in summer. Albertville, Grenoble and Chamonix have all hosted the Olympic games. But the Alps also have nice towns to visit, such as Chambéry, Annecy or Grenoble .
The South with its lovely nature, good food, Roman ruins and of course the Riviera which draws a lot of visitors every year. Towns like Orange, and Arles but also big cities like Marseille and Toulon are must sees. The Provence is dotted with pleasant small villages. In the South west of France the Dordogne is one of the most quintessential French regions. The valley is so pretty, the towns are so quaint and the food is so good, that it is hard to believe that the people who live here go somewhere else for their holidays. The Languedoc has its own language and culture. In the south of the Languedoc you find the Pyrenees, a great mountain range separating France from Spain, where you can hike and ski. The towns of Toulouse and Montpellier are nice and the medieval town of Carcassone is a top destination.

Pamukkale Travertines

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TR-Pamukkale Travertenleri Türkiyenin Başlıca Bilindik Turizm Merkezleri Arasında Yer Almaktadır.
ENG-Pamukkale travertine in Turkey Between Place Al Tourism is the main known.
Pamukkale, meaning “cotton castle” in Turkish, is a natural site in south-western Turkey in the Denizli Province. The city contains hot springs and travertines, terraces of carbonate minerals left by the flowing water. It is located in Turkey’s Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of the year.
Pamukkale’s terraces are made of travertine, a sedimentary rock deposited by water from the hot springs.
In this area, there are 17 hot water springs in which the temperature ranges from 35 °C (95 °F) to 100 °C (212 °F).
The water that emerges from the spring is transported 320 metres (1,000 ft) to the head of the travertine terraces and deposits calcium carbonate on a section 60 to 70 metres (200 to 230 ft) long covering an expanse of 240 metres (790 ft) to 300 metres (980 ft). When the water, supersaturated with calcium carbonate, reaches the surface, carbon dioxide degases from it, and calcium carbonate is deposited. The depositing continues until the carbon dioxide in the water balances the carbon dioxide in the air. Calcium carbonate is deposited by the water as a soft jelly, but this eventually hardens into travertine.
This reaction is affected by the weather conditions, ambient temperature, and the flow duration. Precipitation continues until the carbon dioxide in the thermal water reaches equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Measurements made at the source of the springs find atmospheric levels of 725 mg/l carbon dioxide, by the time this water flows across the travertines, this figure falls to 145 mg/l. Likewise calcium carbonate falls from 1200 mg/l to 400 mg/l and calcium 576.8 mg/l to 376.6 mg/l. From these results it is calculated that 499.9 mg of CaCO3 is deposited on the travertine for every liter of water. This means that for a flow rate of 1 ı/s of water 43191 grams are deposited daily. The average density of a travertine is 1.48 g/cm3 implying a deposit of 29.2 dm3. Given that the average flow of the water is 465.2 l/s this implies that it can whiten 13584 m2 a day, but in practice this areal coverage is difficult to attain. These theoretical calculations indicate that up to. 4.9 km2 it can be covered with a white deposit of 1 mm thickness.
Do İn Pamukkale
You can walk down barefooted in the waterfalls from the village on top. The place is crowded when the tour-buses arrive.
You should use slippers. You can not keep shoes dry and some say it is not allowed to use shoes.
Lower part of travatine got more magnificent view compare to top.
You should wear swimming suit. A lot of people bath in the baths here
If neccessary, there is a road up where busses drop of people who only walk down
It gets here very hot
If you stay at one of the small pensions they might give you a tour of the ruins and travertines at night.
It is worth seeing the remains of the ancient city of Aphrodisias. You can rent a van from Denizli to get there. Or the local hotels run tours for approx 25 lira.
Also there are thermal baths at the top of the travertine pools and the ancient city of Hierapolis with a great Amphytheatre.
Of moderate interest might be Denizli it’s a bit dull but there’s a lively market.
Loadikya is another less visited ruin site only 10 km from Pamukkale on the local dolmus. There are usually few tourists. Peaceful way to spend a day looking at ruins but also the beautiful scenery there as well.

Tourism İn Turkey

2010-02-17T06:50:00.000-08:00

Critical to the tourism potential of our country is a country. Makes an attractive tourism are major factors;

1. Climate: Our country in the western side of the middle generation is common in the Mediterranean climate zone is located. Especially in the Mediterranean coastal temperatures are increasing and early summer compared to other regions has long aha.

Time to swim in this case being an important place in our hinterland özelliktir.Ayrıca show changes in the climate of the short distance causes different types. The same time period in our country can be entered into the sea and the ski can be made.

2. Our Coasts: Our country is surrounded on three sides by the sea is a country. Aegean and Mediterranean coasts is more than the projections and recesses, shelf space because of the large wide beaches are located. This wide beaches and good climate conditions has a positive impact on marine tourism.

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA

2009-05-04T14:59:00.000-07:00

Side: Agora with Thealer in Ihe Backgrımtut
Both Slrabo and Arrian write that Side was founded by settlers from Cyme on thc Aeolian coast of Asia Minör, a colony that his-lorians datc to Ihe seventh or sixth century B.c. Arrian vvrites of Side in his account of Alcxander's moves immediatcly after the initial surrender of Aspendııs:
The next objective was Side, a lown whose people came originally from Cyme in Aeolia. Thcre is a iradiıion among them that wlıen the (îısl settlers from Cyme sailed thither and landed From thcir ships to find a new home, they promptly forgot their native Grcck and began to talk in a foreign tongue—not the language spoken by the people of those parts, but in an enlirely ncw dialect of thcir own; and from then on the men of Side had remained foreigners, distinet in speceh, as in everything else, from their ncighbors.
This strange and as yet undeciphered language vvas apparently uniquc to Side, appcaring on coins of the city as carly as ca. 500 B.C. and in three inseriptions of the third century B.C.—tvvo of them accompanied by a Grcck text. üeorgc Bean holds that this must have been the language of the indigenous Pamphylian people \vho vvere living here \vhen the Cymeans fırst arrived.

The colony must have been a vveak onc, Bean suggests, if the Aeolian settlers were unable to impose thcir Greck language in the ne\v colony, bul \vere forced to adopt the local speech.Thcre is no evidence of Greek being used at Side before the city sur-rendered to Alexander in 333 B.C. The fırst Greek inseriptions on stone at Side date from ca. 300 B.C, and on coins from the second century B.C, by vvhich time Greek had long been the officia! language throughout Asia Minör, the old Anatolian tongucs having vanished.
Aftcr its surrender to Alexander, the history of Side is much the same as that of the other Pamphylian cities. it vvas held fırst by the Ptolemies and then by the Seleucids, vvhom the citizens of Side supported in a \var againsl Rhodes iri 190 B.C Al that time a naval battle vvas fought off Side betvvecn the Rhodian navy and the fleet of the Scleucid king Antiochus III, vvhose forces vvere led by Hannibal.Thc battle ended in an indecisive victory for the Rhodians, vvho vvere in alliance vvith Rome. A fevv months later the Romans and their Pergamene allics deci-sively defeated Antiochus near Magnesia ad Sipylum, ending the Seleucid dominion in Asia Minör.
Side remained free from both Pcrgamum and Rome, and though it became part of the Roman province of Asia in 129 B.c, it remained in effect an autonomous city, free to engage in the piracy and slave trade that had by then become thc principal sources of income for the ports in Pamphylia and Cilicia. As Strabo vvrites in book VI of his Geography: "in Side a city in Pamphylia, the dockyards stood öpen to Cilicians, vvho vvould seli thcir captives at auction there, though admitting that these vvere freemen." The people of Side thus had a bad rcputation among thc Grecks of their time, as George Bean notes in Turkey's Southern Slıore:
The citizens' reputation was perhaps not of ıhe best. if there is any signifi-cance in a story told of thc well-known harper Stratonicus. whosc qtıips

vvere famous. When asked vvho vvere the most rascally of mankind, hc is said to have replied, 'in Pamphylia the men of Phaselis, in the \vhole vvorld the men of Side.'
The fortunes of Side declined in ıhe lale Roman era vvhen the city came under attack by both Scythian corsairs from the Black Sea and vvild Isaurian tribesmen from the Taurus mountains. Conditions improved in the fifth and sixth centuries, vvhen the damage of the earlier incursions vvas repaired and the popula-lion of the city increased to vvhat it had been in antiquity. Side survived the Arab invasions of the seventh and eighth centuries only by building a nevv defense vvall across the middle of the city, diminishing its area by one-rtalf. Thenceforth the city declined inexorably, and it vvas abandoned altogether in the tenth century after a great fire destroyed many of its buildings, its inhabitants moving to Altaleia.
Side remained utterly deserted for almost a thousand years, and sand from the beach drifted över the ruined city, almost burying it in huge dunes. At the beginning of the tvventieth cen¬tury Greek-speaking Turkish refugees from Crete vvere resettled in Side, building their vvooden houses amidst the half-buried ruins of the ancient city, the men supporting their families prin-cipally by flshing. Their descendants continue to live in Side, bul fevv of the men are stili fishermen, for the village is novv almost entirely devoted to tourism, vvith hordes of foreigners and Turks attracted by the beautiful beach that stretches off for miles eastvvard along the coast of Pamphylia.
Side is stili partially ringed by its ancient defense vvalls, vvhich sealed off the peninsula on vvhich the city vvas founded and extended around its seavvard sides as vvell. The land vvalls survive mostly on Ihe northern side, those to the south having becn largely buried in the sand, vvhile the sea vvalls have virtu-ally disappcared. These exceptionally vvell-built vvalls, vvhich probably date from the second century B.c.,are among the finest examples of Hellenistic fortifications extant in Turkey. The modern road brings us to the main gatevvay in these vvalls, vvith the outer portal flanked by tvvo massive defense tovvers. Just outside the gatevvay there is a nymphaeum dating from the sec¬ond century A.D., stili standing to half of its original heighl. it had a three-storied facade—little remains of the upper Ivvo sto-ries—vvith projecting vvings framing a large vvater basin. The surviving bottom story contains three niches, each vvith three vvater spouts. The nymphaeum vvas revetted vvith marble and adorned vviıh statues and reliefs, some of the latter stili to be seen among the architectural fragments lying in front of the fountain.
We pass through the outer gate into an outer court of rectan-gular plan, and from there through another gate into a semicir-cular inner courtyard.The inner court vvas revetted vvith marble slabs in vvhich there vvere seven niches conlaining statues, some of vvhich are novv in the Side museum. At the far end of the courtyard vve pass through the inner gate to enter the city.
The remains of a colonnaded slreet lead straight ahead from the main gate to the entryvvay of the inner city.This street divided Side into tvvo of its four quarters, the other tvvo being in the inner city. The area to the right of the street vvas knovvn as the Quarter of the Great Gate, and that to the left vvas the Quarter of the Great Guild. The latter quarter vvas bisected by another colonnaded street that headed left from the main gate at an angle of forty-five degrees.
We begin our exploration of Side by vvalking along the street to the left, nûvv heavily overgrovvn. About 200 meters along this street vve come on our left to the remains of a fifth-century basil-ican church and a building identified as the episcopal palace, the seat of the bishop of Side in Byzantine times. The basilica had a central nave flanked by side aisles, vvith a large baptistery to the left of the apse. The church vvas connected to the palace on its southeast sicje by a building believed to be a martyrion, the tomb and shrine of a Christian martyr. Some vvalls of the palace

are stili standing, including those of a small private chapel vvith three ro\vs of seats in the apse.
A path leads from the basilica to the southcast gatc of the outer defense walls, vvhich dates from the Hellenistie period. Archaeologists have cleared a fine mosaic pavement dating from the early Byzantine period, as vvell as a number of interesting reliefs of armor and vveapons, now exhibited in the museum.
We novv follovv the street that leads straight ahead from the main gate to the city center, a distance of some 400 meters. As vve approach the center vve see the agora and the theatcr to the left, the gate to the inner city straight ahead, and a Roman bath on the right.
The bath, which dates from the fifth century A.D., has been superbly restored and novv houses the Side museum. The exhibits in the museum are mostly anlicjiıities unearthed in Side in the years 1947-67 by Professor Arif Müfit Mansel and sub-sequently by Prof essor Jale İnan, their finds including some of the finest Roman statuary in Asia Minör. To the left of the museum entrance vve see the remains of a nymphaeum consisting of three basins vvith statues betucen them. A head of Hermes from one of these statues is novv in the museum.
The propylon of the agora \vas direetiy aeross the street from the bath. it led into a vast market squarc, 94 by 91 meters, sur-rounded on ali four sides by Corinthian stoas dating from the second century A.D. A number of the columns that slood in the north sloa have been reerected.along vvith their capilals. Bchind the stoas there vvere shops, some of vvhich opened on to the mar¬ket square and others to the street outside, as vvell as four that could be entered from ıhe theater. The remains of a number of these shops can stili be seen, as vvell as those of a large and vvell-constructed public latrine in the vvest corner of the square.
The round strueture in the center of the square has been iden-tified as the foundation of a shrine dedicated to Tyche, the god-dess of fortune, dated to the second century A.D. İl originally

ısisted of a cylindrical ehamber surrounded by a circlet of velve Corinthian columns, surmounted by a roof in the shape of a tvvelve-sided pyramid. The ceiling of the temple vvas a dome decorated vvith reliefs representing the tvvelve signs of the zodiac and other figures. The first Western traveler to report on *his temple vvas Captain Francis Beaufort, vvho in the years 1811-12 mapped the southern coast of Turkey for the British Admiralty in HMS Frederikssteen, later vvriting of his discov-eries in Karamama. Beaufort vvrites that in the Temple of Tyche he savv three blocks of the ceiling vvith reliefs representing Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, and Cancer, follovved by the fig¬ures of a svvan and a naked youth, but ali of these have novv dis-appeared.

Thealer al Side, wilh Axoru and Roınan Balh in ıhe Baıkçround
During the seventh or eighth century A.D. the people of Side vviıhdrevv to the inner city for defense against the onslaughts of the Arabs, although in times of peace they stili continued to use the public buildings in the outer city. The Byzantine defense vvall ineluded ıhe theater in its üne of fortifications, extending

from the south side of its cavea to another great colonnaded square near the shore. The latter square has been identified as the state agora, an arca measuring somc 90 by 70 meters, sur-rounded on ali four sides by Ionic stoas vvith walkways 7 meters in vvidth. On its eastern side are the remains of a complex of three large chambers; the tvvo on the sides possibly served as a library and archives, \vhile the central one vvas probably reserved for the emperor. Several of the statues that önce adorned this room are now in the museum; one remains in place, a headless figüre of Nemesis, the goddess of divine retri-bution, vvhich stands in a niche in the southeast corner.

Gıttewuy to the inner City ut Side
1 lıe theater is by far the most impressive monument in Side, a particularly striking sight vvhen vievved against the background of the sand dunes that have half-buried the ruins of the ancient city on its southern side. it vvas constructed in the second century A.D. and is thus Roman in design. But the arehiteet retained one dis-tinctly Greek feature; he extended the are of the cavea beyond a circle by thirty degrees on either side of the diameter.

Consequently the vaulted passage\vays of the paradoi make the same angle \vilh the proscenium as in a Greek theater. The cavea has a single diazoma, vvith twenty-nine rovvs of seats belovv and tvventy-tvvo above, vvith stairvvays dividing the lovver zone into eleven cunei and the upper into tvventy-four. The upper part of the cavea is carried on a huge free-standing tvvo-storied strueture that vvas originally some 16 meters high, stili standing to a height of 14 meters.The ground floor consists of a vaulted semi-circular corridor supported on massive piers separated by vvide vaulted openings, some of vvhich lead to an inner courtyard and others to enelosed chambers that may have been shops or store-rooms. Additional openings lead from the inner corridor to the diazoma, from vvhere the speetators going to the lovver tiers descended to their seats via öpen stairvvays, vvhile those going to the upper seats used narrovv interior stair\\ ells buiiı into the thîck vvalls dividing the enelosed chambers deseribed above. During the late Roman period a vvall vvas constructed in front of the orehestra to protect speetators during gladiatorial combats and speetacles involving vvild animals. Inscriptions and faded fres-coes reveal that the theater vvas converted into an open-air church in the fifth or sixth century, vvith a pair of small chapels created at the tvvo corners of the auditorium.
The stage building must have been splendidly adorned, as evidenced by the architectural and sculptural fragments and reliefs that have tumbled into the orehestra and are novv arrayed around the theater. The building vvas in three stories rising to a height of more than 20 meters, approximately the height of the auditorium.The bottom story vvas aboul 3 meters high, projeetr ing fonvard some 6 meters to form the proscenium that vvas used as a stage. Above this rose the tvvo stories of the facade, sumptuously decorated vvith columns, niches, statues and reliefs. At the foot of this facade, to the rear of the stage, there is a long frieze representing mythological scenes, stili in place but badly damaged. There vvere nine rooms in the bottom story

from vvhich five passageways Icd out to the agora; when the Byzantine fortification vvall vvas built ıhe stage building became part of its strueture and these passages \vere blocked up.
Just to the north of the theater the road passes under a monu-mental Roman archway. When the Byzantine fortification vvall vvas built this arehvvay vvas also ineluded in its strueture, becom-ing the entrance to the inner city, bricked up except for a small gate surmounted by an areh. The arehvvay vvas önce surmounted by an arehitrave and attic, on top of vvhich therc vvas probably a sculpture of a four-horse chariot, for an inseriplion rccords llıal the area inside the gate vvas knovvn as the quarter of the Quadriga.
Outside the gate and to the left there is an clegant little foun¬tain, consisting of tvvo vvater basins in front of an arehed niche, flanked by projeeting vvings supported by pairs of columns. it is believcd that this monument originally stood clsevvhere in the city, and that it vvas moved to its present location and converted into a fountain vvhen the Byzantine fortification vvall vvas built. The fountain bears an inseription recording that it vvas ereeted in A.D. 74 in honor of Vespasian, vvhose statue stood in the cen-tral niche.
Just inside the gate and on the left are the scant remains of a limestone temple vvhose basc measured 17.5 by 7.25 meters. This vvas a pseudo-dipteral temple vvith four Corinthian columns of red granite in its pronaos, approached by steps on its north side. it vvas ereeted in ıhe Hellenisüc period and restored in the Roman imperial era. The proximity of the temple to the theater suggests that it vvas dedicated to Dionysus.
Another colonnaded street began just inside the inner gate and extcnded diagonally southvvestvvard to the tip of the penin-sula. This is novv the main street of the village of Side, vvith another street branehing off to the right halfvvay along leading to the main square.

Continuing along the main street, vve pass on our right the unexcavated remains of a large Roman bath. We then come to the end of the peninsula, vvhere on the shorc to the left vve sce the remains of a Byzantine fountain, as vvell as those of a small semicircular building raised on a base some tvvo meters high, approached by a flight of steps on the vvest side. The latter has been identified as a temple dedicated to ıhe Anatolian deity Men.
Temple ofApollo al Şule
The remains of three other struetures stand on Ihe shore to the right of the road, vvhich ends here on the promontory that formed the southern arm of the ancient harbor, novv silted up. The strueture nearest the road is a large fiflh-century Byzantine basilica. The central area of the nave vvas separated from the side aisles by tvvo colonnades formed by columns taken from Roman buildings.The nave ended in an apse vvith a synthronon approached by six marble steps, vvith small chapels at the ends of the aisles. A martyrion vvas later added to the south side and a small church vvas ereeted in the middle of the nave, probably after the original basilica had been destroyed.

The other t\vo structures are just beyond the basilica. The one to the north is somevvhat larger, but thcy are othervvise identical. They are both Corinthian hexastyle peripteral temples of the sec-ond century A.D., vvith six columns on the ends and eleven on the sides, six columns in antis in the pronaos, and no opisthodomos. Part of a frieze of Gorgon heads has survived from the southern templc. The temple on the south vvas dedicated to Apollo and the other to Artemis. Some of the columns of the templc of Apollo have been reerected, making it a most romantic sight, particu-larly \vhen these sand-swept ruins on the Mediterranean shore are silhouetted againsl a Pamphylian sunset.
Therc is another monument on the shore about 400 meters to the \vest of the ancicnt city. This is a large and richly decorated mausoleum in the form of a temple, raised on a portico and sur-rounded by a courtyard, stili standing almost to its full height vvith Uvo arches. The tomb has been dated to ca. A.D. 300, but there is no evidence to identify it further.
We novv make our vvay back to Highvvay 400, \vhere vve turn right and resume our drivc eastvvard. Some four kilometers beyond the Side turnoff vve cross the Manavgat Çayı, the river Melas of antiquity, vvhereupon vve come to the village of Manavgat. Manavgat is famous for its trout, and so vve might pause here for lunch at one of the fish restaurants on the river. We can then make an excursion upstream to see the şelale (vvaterfalls) of Manavgat.
We novv continue upstream for another nine kilometers on a road signposled for ancient Seleucia, vvhich is near the village of Bucakşehlcr at the road's end.
According to Arrian, Seleucus I Nicator (r. 321-280 B.C.) founded nine cities that he named Seleucia after himself. This one vvas named Seleucia in Pamphylia to distinguish it from the others. it alvvays remained a very minör city, seldom mentioned in the ancient sources, and it is completely ignored by Strabo.

The site of the ancient city is on a precipitous hill accessible only from the south along a narrovv col, originaiiy protected by a vvall vvith a gate. Just inside the site of the gate to the Ieft vve see a spring shaded by fig trees, its clear, cold vvater issuing from vvithin a cave. The remains of ancient masonry indicate that the cave vvas used as a fountain house. A short vvay above the spring there is a large building stili standing to a height of some 9 meters, a landmark visible far to the south.The building comprises five rooms arrayed side by side; it vvas evidently a Roman bath, as evidenced by the round holes for vvater pipes in
its vvalls.
The center of the ancient city is eastvvard at the foot of the hill. Here vve come to the agora, a rectangular area measuring about 45 by 37 meters. The central area of the agora is a colon-naded square measuring some 30 by 25 meters, vvith four columns on the north side stili standing in part. There is a rough staircase at the northern end of the east colonnade, but in the present ruined state of the agora it is not clear why it vvas built.
The agora is surrounded by buildings in a remarkably good state of preservation. The most notable of these is the tvvo-sto-ried market hail that takes up the east side of the square, vvith much of the front vvall of the upper story stili standing vvith its large rectangular vvindovvs. The lovver floor contains a rovv of eight compartments, of vvhich the first and fourth from the north have arched doorvvays and the others lintels. The arched door-vvays gave access to stairvvays leading to the upper floor, vvhile the others led to shops. Adjoining the market hail on the south is a semicircular building, some 23 meters in diameter, appar-ently a later addition. The function of the building is unknovvn, though it may vvell have been an odeion that also served as the bouleuterion. The rough vvall along its diameter and beam holes in the front vvall indicate that it vvas subsequently subdivided into shops on the side facing the square. The building has five doors on that side; över the second from the south there is an inscription recording that it vvas built by a certain Nectarius.

At the middle of the agora's north side there is a vaulted pas-sagevvay now blocked at its far end.This is flanked on its east side by a building made of handsome masonry, \vhile the structure that formerly stood on the vvest side of the passage has been destroyed.
The ground level on the \vest side of the square vvas iovver, so that side of the agora had a basement story.This structure is vvell preserved, vvith shallovv arched recesses on either side, along vvith a small building at the northvvest corner w i ıh handsome cushioned masonry. The ground slopes avvay steeply at the southvvest corner of the agora, and the retaining vvall is stili standing there to a height of 15 meters, its İovver part of bossed masonry.
A short \vay to the north of the market hail there is a vvell-pre-served temple, the cella completely intacı except for its roof. The temple apparently had four columns along its front, but these have disappeared. The necropolis is near the \vestern edgc of the acropolis. The tombs are mostly built of masonry rather than rock-hevvn, \vith one notable group containing twclve mon-uments in tvvo ro\vs of six each, some of them reasonably vvell preserved.
We return önce again to Highvvay 400 and continue driving eastvvard. Önce past Manavgat the highvvay runs along close to the shore, passing a succession of long sandy beaches and little coves, vvith the massed peaks of the Taurus looming to the north över the lush coastal plain.
About tvvelve kilometers beyond Manavgat vvc pass a turnoff on the lefl to Highvvay 695, vvhich leads north through the mountains to Beyşehir and Konya. Some seventeen kilometers farther along vvc turn left on a secondary road signposted for Alarahan, a drive of around nine kilometers.
Alarahan is a vvell-prcserved Seljuk caravanserai vvith crencl-Iated vvalls, its overall dimensions 51 by 39 meters. An inserip-tion over the enlryvvay records thal the caravanserai vvas built in 1229-30 by Alaettin Keykubat I. The door leads into a long

Alarahan: Acropolis Framed in the Arch of the Curavanserai

ridor vvith seven rooms öpening off on either side, the ones on the left giving access to larger chambers behind. Behind the rooms on the right are the stables, vvhich vvere approached by a separate entryvvay on the right side of the front facade. One of the rooms inside the main door served as a mescit (small mosque), vvhile the other vvas the living quarters of the porter. The rooms at the far end included the kitchen, dining hali, hamam, and toilets.
The caravanserai stands beneath a hill in a beautiful river val-ley near the remains of a Seljuk bridge. At the head of the val-ley vve see a steep-sided conical hill ringed around vvith the vvalls of a thirteenth-century Seljuk fortress knovvn as Alarakale. We approach the castle by vvalking to the end of the road, from vvhere \ve cross a number of vegetable gardens to a path along the bank of the river. This brings us to a lo\v-roofed tunnel that leads up to the outer courtyard of the fortress. From there rock-hevvn steps ascend to a second court and then to the citadel on the summit, vvhere there are the remains of a residential quarter along vvith a mosque and a hamam used by the garrison. The vievv from the summit is superb, stretching ali the vvay back dovvn the valley tovvard the sea.
We return to Highvvay 400 and continue driving eastvvard. About fıfteen kilometers beyond the Alarahan turnoff vve pass on both sides of the road the ruins of an unidentifıed ancient city.
Next vve see on our left another Seljuk caravanserai, the Şarapsa Hanı.This is a long and narrovv building measuring70 by 15 meters, vvith its entrance in the middle of one of the long sides. An inscrip-tion över the entryvvay records that the caravanserai vvas built by Sultan Gıyasettin Keyhüsrev II. The caravanserai comprises nine vaulted bays, vvhose interior divisions are extended as buttresses on the outside of the building, vvith slitted vvindovvs in each compart-ment and a chimncy in the ccnter of every other bay. There is also a mescit at the east end of the building.

Soon after passing the Şarapsa Hanı vve come vvithin vievv of Alanya, one of the grandest sights along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, vvith the crenellated vvalls of its rose pink Seljuk fortress crovvning the great peninsular rock above the sea. This spectacular landmark, knovvn in antiquity as Kalonoros, marked the boundary betvveen Pamphylia and Cilicia, vvhere this second itinerary comes to an end.

ANTALYA TO ALANYA

2009-05-04T14:56:00.000-07:00

Aspendus and the other cities in Pamphylia came under Persian rule soon after the fail of Sardis in 546 B.c. The region vvas liberated from the Persians in 467 B.c. vvhen the Athenian commander Cimon defeated the Persian forces at the mouth of the Eurymedon. Aspendus then became a member of the Delian League, though the amount of the annual tribute that it paid is unknovvn. Aspendus and the other cities of Pamphylia fell under the control of Persia again in 386 B.C, and they vvere stili under Persian domination vvhen Alexander arrived in the spring of 333

B.c. The cilizens of Perge had already surrendered to Alexander vvhile he vvas in Phaselis, so vvhen he arrived in Pamphylia the gates of their city vvere opened to him. He then advanced tovvards Aspendus, vvhich at first surrendered to him vvithout a struggle, as Arrian narrates in book I of The Campaigns of Alemnder:
u
Advancing from Perge, he vvas met by plenipotentiaries from Aspendus, vvho offered to surrender ıhe tovvn, but begged, at the same time, that no garrison be put in. As to the garrison, they got vvhat they asked for; but
İ
AIexander demanded that the tovvn should contribute fifty talents tovvards the men's pay and hand över ali the horses bred there as tribute to Darius [Darius III, the Persian king). Both demands vvere agreed to.and theenvoys returned home.
Alexander then moved on to Side, vvhich surrendered imme-diately, after vvhich he proceeded to Sillyum. But there, as vve have seen, the determined resistance of the defenders gave him pause, and he broke off the siege abruptly vvhen he reccived a report, as Arrian vvrites, that "determined him to returned to Aspendus." The rest of the story is best told by Arrian:
The report stated that the people of Aspendus had backed out of their agree-ment; they vvere refusing to hand över the horses to the proper authorities and to pay the money; moreover they had taken their movable property inside the tovvn's defences, shut their gates against Alexander's men, and vvere at vvork upon ali necessary repairs to their vvalls.
The main part of the tovvn of Aspendus is built upon a very steep and easily defended hill, the base of vvhich is vvashed by ıhe river Eurymedon. There vvere also a number of houses on the level ground round this central strong-hold.all of them enelosed vvithin a vvall of no great height.This vvall, together vvith ali houses on the flat ground vvhich secmed impossible to hold, vvas abandoned by the people of ıhe place the moment they vvere avvare of Alexander's approach. They hurriedly vvithdrevv and took refuge vvithin the fortified center on the hill. Alexander, as soon as he reached the tovvn, led his men inside the outer vvall—novv defenceless—and took up his quarters in ıhe deserted houses.
The shock of Alexander's presence and the sight of his army surrounding them vvas too much for the people of the tovvn: they sent their spokesmen to hini and hegged lo be allovved Ihcir original icrms. Alexandcr. hovvever, in spite of the fact ıhat the position of Aspendus was a strong one and he was not prepared fora protracted siege,refused the request; he demanded,in addi-tion to the horses they had previously agreed to hand over, 100 talents instead of the original fıfty and the surrender as hostages of the leading men of the community; furtber, they vvere forced to obey the governor appointed by him-self, to pay an annual tribute to Macedon, and submit to an inquiry inlo the rightful ownership of the land. vvhich they vvere accused of holding by force, \vhen it was really the property of their neighbors.
After Alexander's death Aspendus passed in turn to Antigonus, the Seleucids of Syria, the Ptolemies of Egypt, and the Pergamene kings; then, in 129 B.c, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.
The Romans negleeted Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, inter-vening only vvhen Cilician pirates interfered vvith their com-merce. What is more, the Roman governors used their office to enrich themselves at the expense of the locals. The \vorst of the Roman governors was Publius Cornelius Dolabella, vvho vvas proconsul in 80-79 B.C, during vvhich time he plundered the cities of Pamphylia and Cilicia vvith the help of his legate Gaius Verres. A decade later Verres vvas prosecuted by Ciceroand con-vieted of having abused his office, vvhich led him to flee into exile to escape punishment. Cicero's address to the court men-tions the art treasures that Verres looted from Aspendus during his term as Dolabclla's legate:
You are avvarc. gentlemen. that Aspendus is an old and famous town in Pamphylia, ful I ol fine statuary. I slıall not allege that from ıhis to\vn thİS or that particular statue vvas removed. My charge is that Verres did not leave one statue behind from temples and public places alike, vvith the vvhole of Aspendus looking on, they vvere ali openly loaded on vvagons and carted avvay. Yes, even the famous Harpist of Aspendus, about vvhom you lıave often heard the saying that is proverbial among the Greeks that 'he made the music inside'—that too he carricd off.
Conditions vvere greatly improved after A.D. 43, vvhen
Claudius joined Lycia and Pamphylia together to make one

province. The tvvo parts of the province each had their ovvn magistrates, headed respectively by a Lyciarch and a Pamphyliarch, vvho managed their internal affairs under the aegis of Rome. This union continued until the early fourth cen-tury, vvhen Diocletian (r. 284-305) made Lycia and Pamphylia separate provinces önce again, an arrangement that continued under his immediate successors and on into the Byzantine era. Aspendus continued to be an important place in the early Byzantine period, but then the Persian and Arab invasions brought about an inexorable decline from vvhich it never recov-ered. Like Perge, it vvas taken by the Seljuks in 1078 and the Ottomans in 1392. By then Aspendus had declined to the status of a village, and in the late Ottoman period it vvas abandoned al together.

Thealer al Aspendus
The magnificent Roman theater at Aspendus has alvvays elicited encomiums from travelers, such as that of the arehae-ologist D. G. Hogarth in his Accidents of an Antiquarian's Life (1910): "You may have seen amphitheatres in Italy, France,Dalmatia and Africa: temples in Egypl and Greece; palaces in Crete; you may be sated vvith antiquity, or scornful of it. But you have not seen the theatre at Aspendus." George Bean vvrites of his first impression of the theater at Aspendus in Turkey's Southern Shore: "the vvriter vvell remembers the feeling, almost of avve, vvhich it gave him vvhen he first stepped into its interior: 'This is not lıke anything I ever savv before.'"
One can appreciate here betler Ihan anywhere else in Asia Minör the total visual effect of a Roman theater, particularly since the structure is so remarkably vvell preserved. The theater is directly under the southeast side of the aeropolis hill, on vvhose summit most of the other buildings of Aspendus stand.
I
original part of the structure, but vvas erected by the Seljuks ca. 1220, vvhen Alaettin Keykubat I decided to use the stage building as his residence.
The interior of the theater is almost as vvell preserved as its exterior, lacking only the columns and oth.er archilectural ele-ments and sculptures that önce adorned the inner facade of the stage building. The facade rose in tvvo stories above the prosce-nium, the colonnadcd platform on vvhich the players performed, vvith the uppermost story being used principally to support an avvning-like roof that projected över the stage to improve the acoustics. The tvvo lovver levels of the facade had a double arcade of ten pairs of columns each, complete vvith their entab-lature, the lovver colonnade lonic and the upper Corinthian. The central quartet of columns on the upper level vvas surmounted by a broken pediment vvith a relief—stili visible—representing Dionysus surrounded by floral scrolls; the other panels betvveen the columns had scenes in relief as vvell as statues and portrait busts.The auditorium cxtends somevvhal beyond the usual semi-circlc of a Roman theater. The paradoi, vvhich in Greek theaters

are alvvays öpen and approach the orehestra al an angle, are here parallel to the stage building and covered vvith barrel vaults.Thc auditorium has a capacity of about 20,000.There is a single dia-zoma, vvith tvventy tiers of seats belovv and tvventy-one abovc; stairvvays divide the auditorium into nine cunei in the lovver range and eighteen in the upper, vvith the uppermost rovv backed by an arcaded gallery vvith fifty-nine vaults. Special seats in the front rovv of the auditorium vvere reserved for high-ranking offı-cials such as senators and magistrates; the priestesses of Vesta sat in private boxes in the tvvo tovver-like struetures that flank the stage building.
Beyond the theater to the north is the stadium, 30 meters vvide and 215 meters long, its structure almost completely overgrovvn. Near its curved northern end there are a fevv rock-hevvn tombs, and beyond it to the north there are a number of sareophagi, ali part of the Hellenistic-Roman necropolis of Aspendus. There is a much earlier necropolis in the foothills to the northvvest of the ancient city, in vvhich grave-offerings dating back to ıhe fifth century B.C. have been found.
A path leads uphill betvveen the stadium and the theater to the east gate of the aeropolis, vvhere vve come to the civic center of Aspendus. At the center is the agora, surrounded by the princi-pal public buildings, ali built in Roman times.
On the east side of the agora there is a huge three-aîsled basil¬ica, more than 90 meters long, of vvhich only the foundations remain. At the north end of the basilica, on a higher level, there is a square building stili standing to a height of 15 meters, vvith vvalls nearly 2 meters thick, the vvest vvall reinforced by four exterior buttresses. it has a single arehed entrance on the north side; on the south side threc doors lead into the basilica, the cen¬tral one being the largest, vvith tvvo vvindovvs high up in the same vvall.

Exlerior o/Scene Building al AspeııJuı

Roman Aqueducl ut Aspendus
The west side of the agora is laken up vvith a long market hail comprising a row of two-storied shops with a gallery behind and in front a stoa, of vvhich none of the columns remain.
The north side of the agora is occupied by a prominent build-ing stili standing to a height of 15 meters, its facade nearly 37 meters long. The facade has ten niches in tvvo rovvs, the middle one belovv pierced by a door, the others by öpenings that have no\v been bricked up.This has been identified as a nymphaeum, to vvhich vvater \vas condueted by an aqueduct and then distrib-uted throughout the city.
Just lo the north of the nymphaeum there are the remains of a building 30 meters vvide and nearly 40 meters long, vvith a semi-circular east end. This has been identified tentatively as an odeion, in vvhich case it probably also served as the bouleuterion.
The north gate is the best vanlage point to vievv the great Roman aqueduct that brought vvater to Aspendus from the mountains to the north. This is the best-preserved aqueduct in Asia Minör, dating from the second century A.D.

We novv return to Highvvay 400 and continue our journey eastvvard through the Pamphylian plain. As vve do so vve eross the Eurymedon, vvhose mouth in antiquity vvould have been elose to the modern highvvay vvhere it erosses the river, vvhile today the shore is some three kilometers to the vvest. The river mouth vvas the site of the battle of the Eurymedon, vvhere in 467 B.c. Cimon of Athens led the Greeks to a great victory över the Persians on both land and sea. Thucydides mentions this in book I of his History of the Peloponnesian War:
Next came the battles of the river Eurymedon in Pamphylia, fought on land and sea by the Athenians and their allies against the Persians. İn both bat¬tles the Athenians vvon the victory on the same day under the command of Cimon, son of Miltiades, and they captured and destroyed the entire Phoenician fleet of 200 triremes.
A funerary monument vvas aftervvards ereeted here to honor the Greek dead, vvith this epitaph inseribed upon it: 'Thesc are the men vvho laid dovvn the splendor of their manhood beside the Eurymedon: on land and on the svvift-sailing ships they fought vvith their spears against the foremost of the bovv4oear-ing Medes. They are no more, but they have left the fairest memorial of their valor."
We novv return to Highvvay 400 and continue driving east¬vvard önce again. Some five kilometers beyond the Aspendus turnoff vve turn off to the left on a road signposted for ancient Selge, a drive of fifty-five kilometers up the valley of the Eurymedon. The road is asphalted as far as Beşkonak, tvventy-three kilometers from the turnoff, but from there on it gets steadily vvorse. About five kilometers beyond Beşkonak vve come to a junction and take the left fork, signposted for Altınkaya. The road then erosses the Eurymedon on a Roman bridge that has been in constant use for nearly tvvo thousand years, spanning a deep gorge betvveen tvvo cliffs. Beyond the bridge vve turn right on a rough road that elimbs steadily up until it comes to the village of Zerk, nearly 900 meters above sea

level. This brings us to the site of the ancient Pisidian city of Selge, vvhose ruins lie in and around the village, set againsl the magnificcnt mountain scenery oi the Taurus. Hreya Slark. who visiled Selge in 1954,describes the scene in Alexander's Path:
|Zerk has| fifteen cottages or so scattered among prostrate columns under a Roman theatre in a hollovv. it vvas shallovv as a saucer and the plovved fıelds l'illed it, and small pinnacles surrounded il, w here temples önce stood on easy slopes. Beyond them the high peaks rose . .. Some in light and some in shadovv, thcy had the cold pink mountain glow upon them as we made for an alpine cottage built betvveen the marble shafts of some forgotten pub-lic buildiııg.

Roman Bruf);e iner the liııryıııcıtoıı im the Rıııul to Selve
Strabo quotes the geographer Artemidorus of Ephesus in list-ing Selge among the cities of Pisidia. He thcn goes on to give a detailcd history of the city from remote antiquity up to his o\vn time (64 B.c.-ca. A.D. 25), as vvell as describing its splendid set-ting among the Taurus Mountains:

Selge vvas founded at firsl by the Lacedaemonians as a cjty, and stili carlier by Calchas; but latcr il remaincd an indepcndent city, having waxed so povverful on accounl of the lavv-abiding manner in vvhieh its government vvas conducicd thal it önce conlained lwenl> thousand men . . . The region around the cily and the tcrritory of the Selgians has only a fcvv approachcs, since thcir territory is mountainous and full of precipices and ravines,which are formed. among other rivers, by the P.urymedon and the Cestrus, which flow from the Selgic mountains and cmply into the Pamphylian Sea. But they havc bridges on their roads. Because of their natural fortifıcations, hovvevcr, the Selgians have never, even önce, either in carlier or latcr times, become subject to others, but unmolested have reaped the fruit of the whole country except the part situaled below them in Pamphylia and inside the Taurus, for which they were always at vvar vvith the kings |of Pcrgamuml, but in their relations with the Romans, thcy occupied Ihe part in question on certain stipulaled conditions. Thcy sem an embassy to Alexander and offered to receive his commands as a friendly country, but al the preseni time they have become vvholly subjeci to the Romans and are ineluded in the territory that vvas formerly subject to Amynlas.
During the Byzantine era Selge was the site of a bishopric ranking next after Side and before Aspendus. Selge disappears from history during theTurkish invasions, its name surviving in corrupled form in that of the village of Zerk, vvhieh developed in Ottoman times among the ruins of the ancient city. The site of Selge remained totally unknovvn to the outside vvorld until the second quaıter of the nineteenth century, \vhen it vvas rediscov-ered by Weslern travelers. One of the fırst of these cxplorers was Edvvard Daniell, a companion of Captain T. A. B. Spratt. Daniell came upon the ruins of Selge in May of 1842, just t\vo vvecks before his sudden and untimely death from a fever. Daniell deseribes his discovery of Selge in a letter to Spratt vvritlen just before his death:
I came suddenly in vievv of a theatcr magnificcnlly situated, a stadium, a rovv of lonic columns slanding, and a square belovv, vvhieh must have been the Agora, though novv a corn-ficld. Standing myself upon a large square platform of ancient pavemcni, vvith a bcautiful forcground ... I ıhink in ali my life I never savv such a mountain vievv.

The ruins of Selge lie on and around three hills that form an cquilateral triangle, vvith vertices on the north, east, and vvest— the latler being the highest. The city vvas enclosed by a vvall that vvas över tvvo Roman miles in circumference, vvith tovvers at intervals of about 90 meters. The longest surviving remnant of the fortification is an angled stretch of about 350 meters on the southvvest, vvith a tovver at its vvestern end and a gate near the eastern extremity. Just inside the gate there arc the remains of a small building vvith three rooms, identifıed tentatively as a cus-toms house.
The \vell-prescrved theater lies lo the northeast of the village. The lovver part is hollovved out of the hillside, facing southeast, and the upper part is constructed from masonry. The cavea extends around more than a semicircle, in the Greek style, but it is joined to the stage building in the Roman manner, evidently due to later remodeling. There is a single diazoma, vvith thirty rovvs of seats belovv and fifteen above, both zones divided ver-tically by tvvelve stairvvays. The stage building has collapsed into a pile of masonry, but one can stili see three of the five doors that gave access to the stage, as vvell as a small arehed door in the short vvall at the west end and a larger portal leading into the orehestra.
The poorly preserved stadium is just belovv the theater to the southvvest. it had seats on either side of the arena, those on the vvest resting against the natural slope of the hill, the tiers on the south supported by a vaulted gallery that stili survives in part. Inscriptions record victories in the games; these vvere held annu-ally and vvere normally öpen only to citizens of Selge, but every four years a gala festival vvas celebrated in vvhich outsiders vvere invited to participate.
The agora is on the summit of the eastern hill. it is a paved area measuring somevvhat less than 50 meters on a side, origi-nally enclosed by buildings on ali sides except the south. A short distance to the northeast are the remains of a church, perhaps

ANTALYA TO ALANYA 89
the episcopal cathedral of Byzantine Selge. The main necropo-üs vvas on the east slope of the hill. A fevv of the sareophagi there are decorated vvith a curious symbol, consisting of tvvo lit-tle cusped cireles in the upper quadrant of a much larger and deeper circle, looking like a pair of staring eyes in a moon face. There appears to have been another necropolis on the vvestern slope of the northern hill, vvhere there are three built tombs that have survived only in part.
Midvvay betvveen the east and vvest hills are the remains of a hail or stoa that is 110 meters in length. At its southern end there is a very tali pillar bearing tvvo inseriptions, neither of vvhich identifies the monument.
The vvestern hill is the site of tvvo temples, both of them in ruins. The northern one is thought to have been dedicated to Zeus, vvhose temple vvas the principal sanetuary in Selge, but there is no defınite evidence to prove this. The second temple is thought to have been dedicated to Artemis, as suggested by an inseription found in its vicinity, but here again the evidence is inconelusive. On the vvestern side of the hill there is a large cir-cular cistern, 21 meters in diameter and about 7.5 meters deep. Water vvas condueted to the cistern via a channel from the hills to the northvvest, vvhere there are the impressive ruins of a
Roman aqueduct.
We novv retrace our route to Highvvay 400, vvhere vve turn lef t and resume our drive eastvvard through the Pamphylian plain. After a drive of tvventy kilometers vve turn right on a road sign-posted for ancient Side, a drive of four kilometers. Along the approach to Side vve see stretehes of a Roman aqueduct, part of a system that carried vvater to the city from a source 40 kilo¬meters distant, near the Melas river.Then as vve near the site vve pass the necropolis and some of the outlying ruins of Side, the most unusual of the ancient Pamphylian cities, certain aspects of its history verging on the mysterious.

ANTALYA TO ALANYA

2009-05-04T14:48:00.000-07:00

This vvas a squarc mcasuring some 75 meters on a side, vvith its inner periphery lined vvith shops opening on to porticoes. The agora vvas built in the fourth century A.D., probably at the same time as the outer vvalls and gatevvay. At ıhe center of the square there are the remains of a circular temple vvith a diameter of 13.5 meters, originally covered by a dome carried on a circlet of sixteen marble columns. The temple vvas probably dedicated to Hermes, the patron deity of merehants.
About 300 meters north of the Hellenistic gate the main north-south avenue is erossed by another coionnaded street. At the junction we see a restored arehvvay of the second century A.D. that stood astride the east-vvest street. An inseription records that the arch vvas dedicated to Artemis Pergaea by tvvo citizens of Perge, Dimitrius and Apollonius, the first being demiourgos and the second gymnasiarch, another high post in the civic hierarchy.
The tvvo streets divided the city into four unequal quarters, the tvvo to the south being much larger than the other pair, vvhich vvere hemmed in under the slope of the aeropolis. Near the cen¬ter of the southvvestern quarter there are the ruins of a large basilica from the fıfth century A.D., believed to have been the episcopal church of Byzantine Perge. Just above the east-vvest street in the northvvestern corner are the remains of a square building measuring some 76 meters on a side, vvith the vvell-pre-served vvall overlooking the street preserving several of its vvin-dovvs. An inseription records that this vvas a palaestra dedicated to the emperor Claudius (r. 41-54) by a citizen named C. Julius Cornutus.
At the vvest end of the eross street vve see the ruins of a Roman bath beside the vvest gate. The bath, vvhich dates from the third century A.D., consists of a congeries of rooms opening off a coionnaded courtyard. The necropolis vvas outside the vvest gate, vvhere in 1946Turkish archaeologists unearthed a number of elaborately decorated tombs. Some of the sareophagi found

in ihese tombs are no\v on exhibit in the Antalya nıuseum. At the upper end of the main avenue vve come to the nymphaeum that supplied vvater to the channel in the center of the colonnaded \vay.The vvater flovved from a large pool dominated by the statue of a river god. This \vas a personification of the river Cestrus, knovvn in Turkish as the Aksu Çayı. The nymphaeum has been dated to the second century A.D.
A path leads up from the nymphaeum to the summit of the acropolis hill.The summit vvas inhabited in the period of the first settlement of Perge. it vvas then abandoned until the early By/aniine period, vvhen the tovvnspepple apparcntly took refuge there from marauders on the plain belovv. The only stnıctures on the summit date from the Byzantine era, the most notable being a large vaulted cistern.
Turkish archaeologists have made excavations on tvvo hills about a kilometer south of the main site in search of the elusive temple of Artemis Pergaea. The most promising of these tvvo siles is on the lovv hill callcd İyilik Belen, some 500 meters to the east of the road at a point 500 meters south of the theater. Archaeologists excavated the hill in 1945 and discovered the foundations of a small Doric prostyle temple, the first one to be found at Perge. This can hardly be the famous temple of Artemis Pergaea, vvhich vvould have been much larger, and vvhich is shovvn on coins as an lonic edifice. At the same time the archae¬ologists also found some architectural fragments in the lonic style, and this has encouraged them to continue their excavations on the hill.
We novv return to Highvvay 400 and continue driving eastvvard through the Pamphylian plain. As vve do so vve see far off to our left the acropolis hill of ancienl Sillyum, vvhich vve approach by turning off the highvvay onto a signposted road some fifteen kilo-meters from the Perge turnoff. After a drive of about eight kilo-meters vve come to the village of Asarköy, from vvhere a path leads up to the ancient city, vvhose main site is on a flat-topped hill 210 meters above sea level.

The earliest reference to Sillyum is by the Pseudo-Scylax in thc fourtlı century B.c, but there is reason to believc that by then it vvas already of some antiquity. Archaeologists have recently discovered a statue base inscribed vvith the name of Mopsus, indicating that this legendary seer vvas regarded as the founder of Sillyum, another one of the places first settled after the Trojan War by the "mixed multitudes."
Sillyum first appears in history in 333 B.c, vvhen it vvas unsuccessfully besieged by Alexander just after his capture of the neighboring cities of Aspendus and Side. Arrian describes the incident, referring to the city as Syllium:
Alexander lefl a party of men to occupy Side and then proceeded to Syllium, a fortified tovvn garrisoned by mercenaries and native troops. He was unable, hovvever, to take this place by assault, vvithout regular siege operations, and this fact, coupled \vith a report vvhich he had received dur-ing his march. determined him to return to Aspendus.
Climbing upvvards from the village, vve pass the sparse remains of the stadium. This structure vvas about 180 meters long, vvith the seats on the vvest side resting on a long vaulted gallery, vvhile on the east side they vvere built against the natura! slope of the ground.
We then come to the lovver gate, vvhich belongs to a later period of fortification vvhen the tovvnspeople moved dovvn from the acropolis to be closer to their farms on the plain belovv. This gate resembles the main entryvvay at Perge but on a smaller scale, comprising a horseshoe-shaped inner court vvith a tovver on either side. A short distance to the left of the gate vve see the remains of a gymnasium, vvhich vvas later converted to the epis-copal palace of the bishop vvhose see included both Sillyum and Perge,
The approach to the upper city vvas on the vvest side of the plateau, vvhere the slope is less precipitous, though stili too steep for a direct ascent. İt vvas thus necessary to build an elab-

DoorJamb at Sillyum with Inscriplion in Pamphylian

Vtew ojIhe Acropoi
orate ramp that ascended t o the upper gate from both the north and the south, a structure dating from the Hellenistic period. A short stretch of the upper end of the northern ramp is preserved along vvith its stone pavement, vvhile a much longer section of the southern ramp survives in its lovver part. The southern ramp is extremely impressive, vvith a roadvvay 5.2 meters vvide, its outer retaining vvall standing to a height of nine or ten courses, supported at intervals by massive buttresses.The vvall also con-tains a number of large vvindovvs, indicating that the ramp vvas probably roofed to give protection to part of the populace dur-ing times of siege. Above the ramp vve see tvvo great bastions on the southvvestern corner of the plateau, part of the Heilenistic defense vvorks of the upper city.
Belovv the ramp vve see part of the necropolis of Sillyum, vvhose tombs are thus described by George Bean: "The tombs are simple rectangular graves sunk into the surfaces of large masses of fallen rock, vvith steps leading up; they vvere closed vvith separate lids, but none of these novv remain. in many cases holes may be seen for the pouring of libations to the dead." The burials in the necropolis range in date from the third century B.c. to the sixth century A.D., vvith most of the extant graves dating from the Roman imperial period.
Southvvesl of the necropolis vve see the only remaining tovver of the late fortification vvall, a handsome and vvel I-preserved structure in tvvo slories, lacking only its roof. The northern door on the ground floor has a horizontal lintel, vvhile the southern one is archcd; from the upper story, doors on the east and vvest sides led to the ramparts.There are narrovv vvindovvs halfvvay up on the north and south vvalls, vvhile near the top there are smaller openings on ali four sides.
Al the top of the ramp vve come to the upper gate, the main entrance to the acropolis. Most of the extant buildings in the upper city are in the southvvestern sector of the acropolis, to the right of the upper gate as one enters.

türe is a large Byzantine building—as yet unidentified—stand-ing to almost its full height, vvith arched vvindovvs high in its tvvo remaining vvalls. Just beyond that there are tvvo smailer and very attractive Hellenistic buildings. The larger of these, vvhich may have been a public hail, is vvell preserved in part; its vvest vvall is 55 meters long and stands to a height of more than 6 meters, pierced by ten vvindovvs of various sizes. The other building is much smailer, its most remarkable feature being its elaborately decorated door, vvhose right jamb is covered vvith a lengthy inscription dating from ca. 200 B.C. This is the principal evi-dence for the Pamphylian language, vvhich othervvise is knovvn only through a fevv short inscriptions and legends on coins. The inscription here runs to thirty-seven lines, interrupted by a scjuare hole that vvas aftervvards cut in the jamb. it is vvritten in the Greek language and expresses a local Greek dialect that remained in use until the first century A.D. As George Bean remarks of the inscription: "Individual vvords and phrases may be made out but the text as a vvhole is stili obscure."
South of these tvvo buildings vve see the upper four rovvs of the seats of a theater, the rest of vvhich vvas carried avvay vvhen the edgc of the cliff collapsed in a tremendous landslide in the spring of 1969. An odeion just to the east of the theater also dis-appeared in this landslide, in vvhose rubble belovv vve see half of a cistern.
East of the former sites of the theater and the odeion vve see the remains of an attractive complex of private houses, perched on the southern rim of the plateau. The vvalls of the houses are partly of masonry, partly hevvn from the natural rock; they stand on little terraces linked by rock-hevvn stairvvays.flanking narrovv lanes, looking like the mountain villages one stili sees today on the Greek islands of the Aegean.
At the eastern end of this coınplex there are the remains of a small Hellenistic temple measuring J1.3 by 7.62 meters. The east front of the temple originally had four columns. The south

vvall of the cclla has disappeared in a collapsc of the cliff, but the other three vvalls remain, standing in places up to eight courses of handsome masonry. Beyond the temple is a long underground cistern vvith gratings in the roadvvay.
At the vvestern end of the aeropolis vve see the remains of another small temple looking out över the rim of the plateau.
le temple is poorly preserved and has lost much of its original
rm in reconstructions. Beyond it at the northeastern corner of *:e aeropolis there are the remains of a tovver.
We novv vvalk back tovvard the upper gate along the northvvest im of the plateau, passing numerous cisterns and rock-hevvn house foundations. As vve approach the upper gate vve pass a domed building that may have been a mosque during the Seljuk
period,
We novv return to Highvvay 400 and continue driving eastvvard for another seventeen kilometers, before turning left on a road signposted for ancient Aspendus, vvhich is fi ve kilometers up the fertile valley of the Köprü Çayı, the river knovvn in antiquity as Seljuk Briçime över the Eurymedon

Ihe Eurymedon. A short vvay along the road \ve pass a hump-backed Seljuk bridge of the thirteenth century that stili spans the river. Just upstream from this vve see in the river bed the ruins of a Roman bridge of the second century A.D. Then as vve approach the site of Aspendus vve see tvvo outlying ruins of the ancient city. These have been identified as a Roman bath com-plex and a gymnasium, both dating from the second century A.D. Then finaily at the road's end vve come to the great theater of Aspendus, vvith the aeropolis hill of the ancient city rising up directly behind it.
Archaeological evidence has confirmed that the aeropolis hill vvas first occupied in the late Bronze Age, vvhich vvould be con-sistent vvith the tradition that Aspendus vvas another of the cities founded by the "mixed multitudes," in this case led by the seer Mopsus. Coins minted here from the early fifth century B.c. through the follovving century give the name of the city as Estvvediiys, vvhich has led some seholars to suggest that Aspendus vvas founded by the Hittite prince Azitavvadda, vvho deseribes himself as a descendant of Mukas, vvho may be the person the Greeks knevv as Mopsus. Local Greek tradition vvas unanimous in aseribing the foundation of the city to men of Argos in the Peloponnesus. This is consistent vvith the legend that the first cities in Pamphylia vvere founded by the "mixed multitudes," vvhich vvould have ineluded the Argivcs, the main force in Agamemnon's army at the siege of Troy.

ANTALYA TO ALANYA

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We novv leave Antalya and begin driving eastvvard on Highvvay 400.This takes us through the heart of the Pamphylian plain, vvhich stretches off to the east betvveen the Mediterranean and the Taurus mountains.

Pamphylia is a Greek vvord that means "the land of ali the tribes."This stems from the tradition that the fırst Greek settlers of Pamphylia \vere the "mixed multitudes" of people \vho vvan-dered here after the fail of Troy, led by the seers Calchas, Mopsus, and Amphilochus. The legends vary, one being that Calchas died at Claros vvhen defeated by Mopsus in a contest of divination, as related by Hesiod in his Melampodia. But another story telis of hovv Calchas vvent on to Pamphylia and, together vvith Mopsus, founded the city of Perge. Mopsus and Amphilochus are said to have continued on into Cilicia, found-ing cities along the way, most notably Mallus, after vvhich they quarreled and killed one another in single combat.
The earliest reference to the Pamphylians is by Herodotus, vvho in book VII of his Histories describes their contingenl in the fleet of Xerxes: "The Pamphylians contributed thirty ships. Their armor was Greek. These people are descended from the Greeks vvho follovved Amphilochus and Calchas vvhen the army vvas dispersed after the capture of Troy."
Strabo quotes Herodotus in his description of Pamphylia,also referring to an earlier source on this great migration, namely Callinus of Ephesus, vvriting in the early seventh century B.C.

from Troy; and that most of them remained here, but that some vvere scat-tered to numerous places on earth. Callinus says that Calchas died in Claros, but that the peoples led by Mopsus passed över the Taurus, and that, though some remained in Pamphylia. the others vvere dispersed in Cilicia, and also in Syria as far even as Phoenicia.
These Greek founding legends are seldom based on factual evidence, but in the case of Pamphylia there are reasons for believing in the great migration of the "mixed multitudes" along the Mediterranean coast of Anatolia at the end of the Bronze Age. Recent studies of Hittite records seem to shovv that Mopsus may be a historical figüre associated vvith the founding of a city in this region ca. 1200 B.C.
As \ve drive through the Pamphylian plain vve see camel cara-vans of Yuruk nomads strung out along the road in their immemorial trek betvveen their vvinter encampments on the coast and their yaylas, or summer pastures, in the highland meadovvs of the Taurus and Lycian mountains, their black goat-hair tents visible among the groves of olives and bananas, their \vay of life unehanged in its essentials since theTurks first made their vvay into Anatolia in the mid-eleventh century.
Soon the highvvay veers inland and brings us deeper into the plain as it erosses the Düden Çayı, a stream that flovvs into the sea auhe supposed site of Magydus, a lost city that preceded Attaleia as the principal port of Pamphylia. Then, some sixteen kilometers out of Antalya, vve come to Aksu, vvhere a signposted road on our left leads to the site of ancient Perge. The scene here has changed little since Charles Fellovvs visited Perge in 1840, as vve gather from reading his Travels and Researches in Lycia (1856):
Continuing my route for eight miles further, I pitehed my tent amidst the ruins of Perge: near me vvas a small encampment of shepherds vvho had brought their catıle to pasture amidst the ruins. The first object that strikes the trav-eller is the extreme beauty of the situation of the ancient tovvn, lying betvveen and upon the sides of tvvo hills, vviıh an extensive valley in front, vvatered by the riverCcstrus.and backed by the mountains of the Taurus....

Perge vvas believed by its citizens to have been one of the cities established by the "mixed multitudes" after the Trojan Wars, revering as their founders Calchas and Mopsus. The long-held belief in this foundation legend is evidenced by the inserip-tions on tvvo statue bases from the second century A.D. found at Perge in 1953, vvith dedications to "the founder Calchas of Argos, son of Thestor," and "the founder Mopsus of Delphi, son of Apollo." Calchas is first mentioned by Homer in book I of The lliad, vvhere he is praised for his divinatory povvers: "Calchas, Thestor's son, far the best of the bird interpreters/vvho knovvs ali things that vvere, the things to come and the things past."
The earliest mention of Perge is by the geographer knovvn as the Pseudo-ScyIax, vvriting in the mid-fourth century B.c. Othervvise the city first appears in history in 333 B.C. vvhen the Pergeans vvelcomed Alexander and provided guides to lead him from Phaselis in Lycia into Pamphylia. After the death of Alexander, Perge vvas held in turn by the Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Pergamene kingdoms. it became part of the Roman province of Asia in 129 B.c and prospered during the Roman imperial era, vvhen many of its finest edifices vvere construeted.
Perge is renovvned as the birthplace of one of the greatest mathematicians of the Hellenistic age. This vvas Apollonius of Perge, vvho vvas born here ca. 260 B.C. and studied at Alexandria vvith the pupils of Euclid, after vvhich he lived in Pergamum under the patronage of Attalus I. While at Pergamum Apollonius completed his Conics, in vvhich he shovved that the circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are ali seetions of a cone, a vvork that vvas to be of crucial importance in the European scientific revo-lution of the seventeenth century.

assembly is held every year." The temple is shovvn on the coins of Perge and in reliefs, as vvell as being mentioned in a number of inscriptions. But the temple of Artemis Pergaea has never been found, though archaeologists continue to search for it.
Perge seems to have been one of the earliest centers for the spread of Christianity in the region. Paul visited Perge on his first missionary journey, ca. A.D. 47, as vve read in Acts 13 and 14:
Paul and his friends went by sea from Paphos to Pamphylia vvhere John left them to go back to Jerusalem. The others carried on from Perge till they reached Antioch in Pisidia. Here they vvent to synagogue on the sabbath and took their seats . . .They passed through Pisidia and reached Pamphylia. Then. after proclaiming the vvord at Perge they went dovvn to Attaleia and from there sailed to Antioch. vvhere they had originally been commanded to the grace of God for the \vork they had novv completed.
Perge vvas represented at the Council of Nicaea in 325 and at the Council of Ephesus in 431. By then it had the status of a met-ropolitan bishopric, vvhich it shared with the nearby tovvn of Sillyum. Perge continued to be an important place until the medieval Byzantine period, vvhen the Persian and Arab inva-sions caused many of its inhabitants to flee from the region. it never recovered thereafter, and it vvas little more than a village vvhen it fell to the Seljuks in 1078, vvith the Ottomans eventual-ly taking it in 1392. The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the site ca. 1660, vvhen it vvas knovvn as Tekke Hisarı, and described it thus in his Seyahatname (Narrative of Travels): 'There are no guards, no soldiers, commandant or any important official.The place is inhabited only by seventy or eighty house-holds of the Türkmen tribe. They migrate to the summer pas-tures in July. .. ."
The approach road brings us first to the theater, vvhich together vvith the stadium just to its north is on the left outside the gates of the ancient city. The fairly vvell-preserved theater vvas built in the Hellcnistic period and remodeled in the imperial Roman era. The cavea is more than a semicircle and is separated from the

stage building by a pair of paradoi in the Greek style. The para¬pet separating the orchestra from the front rovv of seats vvas erected in the late Roman era, providing protection for the spec-tators during gladiatorial combats and spectacles involving vvild animals. There is a single diazoma, vvith tvventy-six rovvs of seats belovv and thirteen above, the seating capacity e'stimated at 15,000. An arcaded gallery runs around the top tier of the cavea, and at the middle of its arc there is an entrance from the hillside behind the theater. There are also entrances from the hillside on either side at the level of the diazoma, vvhere there are tvvo large passages knovvn as vomitoria since, as it vvere, they vomited spectators at the end of a performance.
Theater al I'er^e
The tvvo-tiered stage building, erected in the latter half of the second century A.D., stili stands to a considerable height, vvith a handsome vaulted hail vvell preserved in the bottom story. The stage building stood on a narrovv podium decorated vvith a frieze of panels representing mythological scenes, some of vvhich have been recovered in rccent excavations. A number of these reliefs contain scenes İroni the life of Dionysus, god of the theater. One extraordinary relief shovvs Artemis Pergaea, vvho is wearing a tali headdress in the form of an inverted cone, with the fıgures of eighteen of her devotees represented in three tiers belovv. The five niches in the high vvall abutting the back of the stage build-ing indicate that a nymphaeum vvas erected here in the late Roman era, vvith each of the recesses containing a vvater basin that served as a public fountain.

Rctiej in Tlu'altrr al Pcr^c: Dionysus with Satyr and Bacchanles
The stadium, vvhich vvas probably erected in the second cen-tury A.D., is one of the best preserved in Asia Minör after that of Aphrodisias. The structure is 34 meters vvide and 234 meters long, vvith the sphendone (curved end) on the notth, vvhile at the straight south end there vvas a monumental entryvvay, of vvhich only a fevv fragments remain. The tiers of seats are supported by barrel vaults. Belovv the seats on the east side there are thirty intercomm'unicating chambers opening to the outside of the sta¬dium, vvith every third room also giving access to a passagevvay that led around the periphery of the arena. The other tvventy

Stadium al ferge
chambers vvere shops; some of them bear inscriptions giving the name of their ovvner or, in tvvo cases, his trade.
We novv approach the outer gate of the city, to the right of vvhich there are the scanty remains of a funerary monument erected late in the Hadrianicera.This is identified by an inscrip-tion as a memorial to the lady Plancia Magna, vvhose name appears in a score of places in Perge as a benefactress of the city. Plancia vvas a high priestess of Artemis and of the mother of the gods, and she also held the office of demiourgos, the highest post in the civic hierarchy of the city. She vvas the vvife of M. Plancius Varus, vvho had been a Roman senatör in the reign of Nero (r. 54-68) and had served as proconsul of Bithynia under Vespasian (r. 69-79). Their son, C. Plancius Varus, vvas a successful athlete in his youth and then vvent on to be consul under Hadrian.

The Hellenistic vvall is well preserved, particularly on the east side, and sevcral of its tovvers are stili standing to their full height; it contains three large gates—on the west, east, and south—as vvell as several posterns. The shattercd round tovvers of the orig¬inal Hellenistic south gate can be seen framed in the portal of the late Roman entryvvay as vve approach the entrance to the city. The inner and outer gates are connected by curtain vvalls of Roman date, vvith the east vvall ending at the agora. During the reign of Septimius Severus (r. 193-211) a nymphaeum and a splendid Corinthian propylon vvere built into the vvest curtain vvall, vvith the latter leading to a huge Roman bath. Beyond the propylon there are three niches in the vvest curtain vvall; these contained statues that vvere discovered by Professor Arif Müfit Mansel during his excavations in 1943-45. Tvvo of the statues are of Plancia Magna, one of vvhich is novv on exhibit in the Antalya museum. Outside the east curtain vvall vve see the remains of a basilica that vvas converted into a church in the early Byzantine period.
The inner gatevvay, vvith its tvvo splendid round tovvers of aslı¬lar masonry, is ali that remains of the original south vvall of the Hellenistic city, demolished vvhen the outer gate and its flank-ing vvalls vvere erected in the fourth century A.D. inside the gate¬vvay there vvas a magnificent courtyard of horseshoe shape; from here one entered the city via a tvvo-storied gatevvay vvith three portals, endovved by Plancia Magna ca. 120. Around the periphery of the courtyard there are niches that önce contained statues, more of vvhich stood on a ledge at the foot of the vvall. Excavations in 1954-56 recovered the bases of nine of these statues along vvith their inscriptions, vvhich record that they vvere dedicated to the founders of the city. These "founders" included Calchas and Mopsus and five mythological figures,all

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA II
Coionnaded Central Avenue al Perge
of them obscure, along vvith M. Plancius Varus and his son C. Plancius Varus, vvith Plancia Magna being mentioned in both of their inscriptions.
The courtyard vvithin the inner gatevvay opens on to the beginning of a coionnaded vvay extending northvvard for some 400 meters, vvith its marble pavemerrt stili bearing the ruts of vvagon vvheels. This vvas the main avenue of Perge, flanked by shops and divided dovvn its middle by a vvater channel fed by a nymphaeum at its upper end. (Note the corrugated surface of a piece of marble by one of the basins, a place vvhere the vvomen of Perge did their laundry.) On either side of the street there vvere colonnades, many of vvhose marble columns are stili standing, at least in part. A number of columns are decorated at the top vvith reliefs, one of vvhich shovvs Artemis carrying her bovv and arrovvs and a torch; another depicts Apollo, and a third has a male figüre in a toga pouring a libation.

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I

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The tvvo islands mentioned by Hamilton are Can Ada and Yeşilada, the latter connected to the mainland by a causevvay. During Ottoman times Yeşilada vvas inhabited entirely by Christians, many of vvhose houses have survived, along vvith an abandoned Greek church.
We novv continue aiong Highvvay 330, \vhich takes us around the southern end of Eğirdir Gölü and then up the lake's eastern shore. After passing the village of Mahmut on the eastern shore of the lake \ve come to a Seljuk caravanserai known as the Ertokuş Hanı. The caravanserai is dated by an inscription to 1229. it is partially in ruins but stili impressive. The main entryvvay is a double one, the inner gate being flanked by tvvo small chambers. This leads into the central aisle of a large court flanked by four pairs of vaulted chambers. At the end of the court another gatevvay leads into the central aisle of the cara-vanserai's main hail, flanked by t\vo narrovver side aisles, ali three divisions covered \vith ogive-arched vaults. The outer vvalls of this hail are reinforced vvith four angular bastions for defense; these are mentioned by Hamilton in his deseription of the han, which he records in hisjournal for 28 September 1836:
Soon after len we reachcd a largc ruined building ncar the lake, called a khan. where the mountains becoming more woodcd as we advanced. approached to the \vater's edge. The northern end of the khan was built of large square stones, \vith projecıing angles and tovvers for delence. An Arabic inscription was over one of the doors. İn early days these khans in many parts of Asia served as placcs of refugc and safety from the vvander-ing nomadic tribes.
The Yuruks, a nomadic shepherd people, can stili be seen along the roads of southern Turkey, looking insi as Hamilton deseribed them on his approach to the Ertokuş Hanı, though they are no longer armed:
On this plain we met a dark and swarthy Buruquc. \vhose occupation vvas in strik-"ing contrast with his appearance: he was armcd to the teeth vvith pistol.dirk and

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 45
yataghan |a curved s\vord|, leading a camel. and spinning a coarse black thrcad from a handful of goats' hair which he held in his hand. Their black tents are made of this coarse material.and consistof long pieces of cloth.supported by three poles and stretehed out by three cords, so that they do not reach the ground, the upright part of the tent being generally made of reeds tied together. . . We also passed some strong and vvell-construcled carts, superior to any I had seen in Asia Minör.
Farther to the north, near Yalvaç, Hamilton had passed a Yuruk encampment, and the scene that hc deseribed is unehanged today, as these nomads perpetuate their vvay of life along this ancient caravan route betvveen central Anatolia and the Mediterranean coast.
About six miles from Yalobatch, quitting the river as it flows through a deep and rocky ravine to the left, \ve ascended a range of limestone hills to an elevated plain, w here we fell in wiıh a busy scene, viz. the halt of a tribe of Euruques, who had just reached the ground ready for their encampment. Each family, vvith its herd of camels and mares, and flocks of shcep and goats, took up a separate station; the vvomen vvere busy unrolling their tent-clolhs and driving in the vvooden pegs, vvhilc the camels knelt dovvn side by side vvaiting patiently to be relicved of their loads, and then strolled avvay to the neighbouring hills to graze on the dry grass and thorny shrubs; the men mounted on their horses vvere galloping about shouting aloud,and giv-ing their orders in every direetion vvith an air of great importance. Each string of five or six camels vvas alvvays preceded by an ass.
We follovv Highvvay 330 as it Icaves the shore of Eğirdir Gölü and curves inland tovvard the northeast, passing the tovvn of Geiendost. Eleven kilometers beyond Gelendost vve turn left on Highvvay 32-08, signposted for Yalvaç. After fifteen kilometers vve come to aT-junction, vvhere vve turn left on Highvvay 320 and soon come to Yalvaç, a tovvn set at an altitude of 1,100 meters on the right bank of the river knovvn in antiquity as the Anthius. Yalvaç vvill be our base for visiting ancient Antiocheia in Pisidia, vvhich is about tvvo kilometers northvvest of the tovvn. Numerous architectural fragments of the ancient city are built into the local mosques and other buildings of the tovvn, vvith a number of antiq-uities from the archacological site exhibited in the local museum.

NORTHFROM ANTALYA 47
The city vvas probably founded by the Seleucid king Antiochus I (r. 280-261 B.C.), for \vhom it is named. it is called Antiocheia in Pisidia, or Pisidian Antioch, to distinguish it t'rom the half-dozen other cities of that name founded by Antiochus I —the most notable being Antioch on the Orontes, the Seleucid capital, now the Turkish tovvn of Antakya. After the defeat of Antiochus III at the battle of Magnesia in 189 B.C., the treaty of Apameia madc Antiocheia a free and independent city. it retaincd this stalus ııntil 39 B.C, vvhen it came under the control of the Galatian king Amyntas, and after his death in 25 B.c. it revcrted to the Romans. The Romans then established a colony here named Colonia Caesarca Antiocheia, but by the end of ıhe first century A.D. the city had reverted to its original name.
Paul visited Pisidian Antioch on his first missionary journey (ca. A.D. 47) along \vith Barnabas. Here Paul addressed the con-gregation gathercd in the synagogue on the Sabbath, his first recordcd sermon, beginning \vith these vvords: "Men of Israel and fearers of God, listen!" Paul's message aroused great inter-est among the congregation and they invited him to speak again the follovving Saturday, as recorded in Acts 13:42:
The next sabbalh almosi the whole tovvn assembled to hear the word of God. When they savv the crovvds, the Jevvs, prompted by jealousy, uscd blas-phemies and contradieted everylhing Paul said. Then Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly. 'We had to proelaim the vvord of üod to you first, but since you havc rejected it. since you do not think yourself worthy of elernal life, vve must turn to the pagans. For this is vvhal the Lord commanded us to do \vhcn ne said:
I have made you a light for the nations,
sp that my salvalion might reach (he ends of the earth.'
İt made the pagans very happy to hear this and they ıhankcd the Lord for his message; ali who \verc destined for eternal life became believers. Thus the vvord of Ihe Lord sprcad through the vvhole countryside.
But the Jevvs vvorked upon some of the devout vvomen of the upper class-es and the leading men of the city and persuaded ıhcm to turn against Paul and Barnabas and cxpel them from their territory. So they shook the dust from their feet and vvent of!" to Iconium, but the disciples vvere fillcd vvith joy and the Holy Spiril.

48

PAMPHYL1A AND PISIDIA I

NORTH FROM ANTALYA

49

Pisidian Antioch continued to be an important city during the Byzantine period, surviving the Arab invasions and the initial Turkish raids after the Seljuk victory över the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071. The army of the First Crusade, led by Bohemund and Tancred, stopped here in 1097 after their long march across the central Anatolian plateau.The city fınally fell to the Tıırks in the t\vclfth or thirteenth century, after vvhieh it \vas abandoned and fell into ruins, with the Turkish tovvn of Yalvaç developing near its site. Hamilton was one of the first foreign travelers to explore the site of Pisidian Antioch, which he describes in his journal for 27 Scptember 1836:
1 startcd early ıhis morning lo sce ıhe ruins. which arc about a mile and a hail' Irom Yalobatch. The sile ol" ıhe to\vn is covered with huge blocks of marble, and ıhe first ruin I saw was an oblong building consisıing of an inner and an outerwall,extending from S. E.to N. W.Thcouterwall isbuilt of rough blocks of blue semi-cryslalline limestone four feet in ıhickness, and is formed of t\vo rovvs of largc stones placed edgeways.The inner wall, vvhieh is also a parallelogram. is built of white scaglia limestone. The length. ineluding the thickness of the inner wall. is 73 paces, or about 180 feet, and ils breadth 21 paces or 60 feet. İt has been a temple or a church, perhaps each in succession. About 200 yards to the N. E. are the remains of another massivc building on the brow of the hill facing N. W.; bencath arc two arehed vaults, one of them leading into scveral subterranean chambers; above this is a Hat terrace, \viıh the foundations of other massive walls beyond. One of the most striking fcatures is the ruined aqueduct. consider-able remains of \vhich are stili standing....
Rcturning from the aqueducl lo the corner of the \vall, vvhieh appears to have been conneeted \vith it, I observed a low narro\v pavement exlcnding from il S. E. by S. into the interiorof the town. From thence ıhe ground rises lo Ihe S. E. to the top of the hill a quarter of a mile distant. vvhieh was prob¬ably the Acropolis, and ihen falls rapidly to a deep ravine on Ihe east. Near Ihe summit a curious semicircular hollovv has been excavatcd in the rocky side of the hill to the N. W., in the centre of vvhieh a large mass of solid rock tvventy feet si|uare. and hollovved out into a square chamber, has been left standing. Masscs of highly fınished marble corniccs, vvith several broken fluted columns ivvo feet eighı inehes in diameter. are scatlered about the hollovv, and on the perpendicular face of the rock a rovv of small squarc holes has been cut out ali round.aboullen feet from the ground. as if for the inscrıion of beams. İt has probably been the adytum of a temple, for ıhe

remains of a portico can be seen in front, vvith broken columns, cornices, and other fragments. Antioch vvas celebrated in its early days for the vvor-ship of Men Arcaeus. and it is not unlikely that this building may have been conneeted vvith the vvorship of that deity, perhaps the Menes of the Lydians. At the back of the Acropolis is a deep ravine, vvatered by the stream ihat flovvs through Yalobatch, probably the Anteus of antiquity. on the banks of vvhieh Antioch seems to have been situated. The remainder of the day vvas spent in copying inseriptions ... They vvere ali in Latin, vvith the exception of No. 177, on a sareophagus. I vvas fortunate to find one vvith the vvords ANTIOCHEAECAESARE; the remainder having been entirely effaced. İn turning över a large column to copy an inseription vve disturbed some curi¬ous red and black-spotted loads of the most disgusting ugliness.
The site of Pisidian Antioch vvas excavated in the years 1912-29 by archaeologists from the University of Michigan. The first monument that vve come upon is a ruined triple-arehed Corinthian propylaeum, probably dating from the refounding of the city by Augustus as a Roman colony. The relief of a Nike can stili be seen on the gate. When the American archaeologists began their vvork here they found a long inseription in Latin on the temple. This proved to be the famous Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Achievements of the Deified Augustus), a politi-cal autobiography of the emperor vvhieh he completed on 11 May A.D. 14. The record vvas deposited vvith the vestal virgins until his death one hundred days later; then, in accordance vvith the instruetions of the Roman senate, it vvas carved on bronze tablets outside the emperor's mausoleum and inseribed on the vvalls of every temple of Augustus throughout the empire. The Res Gestae begins vvith the follovving preamble: "Subjoined is a copy made of the exploits of the deified Augustus, by vvhieh he brought the vvhole vvorld under the empire of the Roman people ..." Among the many imperial exploits recorded in the inserip¬tion is a census that Augustus ordered in the tvventieth year of his reign. This is the very census of vvhieh Luke vvrites in his Gospel, the one that led Joseph to journey vvith Mary to Bethlehem for the enrolment, vvhere she gave birth to her child. N.B. When the Christian calendar vvas first adopted it erred by seven years in setting the date of Christ's birth.

50
PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I
The central square of the Roman city vvas the Augusta Platea, dedicated to Augustus; this was approached from the west via a tvvo-tiered portico, Ionic at ground level and Doric above. The square vvas bounded on its eastern side by the "curious semicir-cular hollovv" mentioned by Hamilton. This vvas the site of a temple dedicated to the deified Augustus and to the Phrygian fertility god knovvn as Men Arcaeus, as Hamilton suggested. Architectural fragments scattered around the site indicate that the temple, dated to the second quarter of the first century A.D., had a tetrastyle (four-columned) Corinthian porch and vvas dec-orated vvith tvvo sculptured friezes, one vvith bull heads.
in front of the propylaeum there vvas another square, knovvn as the Tiberia Platea, dedicated to the emperor Tiberius (r. 14-37). On the north side of the square there are the remains of a stoa vvith shops. At the southvvest corner of the square the American archaeologists unearthed the remains of a round building erected by Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-80). A short distance to the vvest of the Tiberia Platea vve see the remains of a cruciform Byzantine church. Northvvest of the square there are the ruins of a Byzantine basilica vvith a mosaic pavement; an inscription found here records the name of Optimus, vvho vvas bishop of Pisidian Antioch in the years 375-81.
Other monuments farther out from the city center include a Roman bath and a nymphaeum, as vvell as the aqueduct men¬tioned by Hamilton. Ali that remains of the theater is its cavea carved out of the slope of the hill, its seats and other parts of its structure having been carried off by the people of Yalvaç to build •their houses.The li-ttle museum in Yalvaç has antiquities ranging from the middle of the third millennium B.C. to the fourth cen¬tury A.D.,as vvell as an ethnographical section vvith exhibits from the Turkish era.
We novv continue eastvvard on Highvvay 320. After passing Ihe village of Kumdamı this takes us along the northern shore of Eğirdir Gölü. Midvvay along the shore vve pass Taşevi, vvhere there is a panoramic vievv aeross the northern expanse of the

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 51
lake, knovvn as Hayran Gölü. Hamilton deseribes this vievv in his journal for 28 September 1836:
The vievv över the lake vvas magnificent. and the vast expanse of vvater, spread out as it vvere at our feet, vvas a most grateful sight after the barren plains and hills över vvhich vve had so long been travelling. But the shape of the lake vvas very different from vvhat 1 had expected, for after contraeting to a vvidth of very little more than a mile, at a spot three miles to the vvest of the hill.it again suddenly expands.forming another large though lessexten-sive sheet of vvater, vvhich, although entirely part of the lake of Eğerdir, is called in the country Hoiran Ghieul .. .The day had been particularly fine, and the atmosphere clear, and I never remember to have vvitnessed a more glorious sunset, or more brilliant and deeper hues than refleeted from the mountains to the S. E. as I returned aeross the plain.They appeared like hills of purple. vvhile the vvestern sky glovved like a sca of gold.
After passing the lake the highvvay takes us southvvestvvard betvveen tvvo parallel mountain ranges, vvith Karakuş Dağı to the north and Barladağ to the south. At Uluborlu vve come to the site of ancient Apollonia, knovvn in the Byzantine era as Sozopolis. The site has yielded large quantities of coins and numerous inseriplions, but no trace remains of the ancient city.
Tvventy-one kilometers beyond Uluborlu vve come to a T-junc-tion, vvhere vve turn right on Highvvay 650.Then after nineteen kilo¬meters vve turn left on Highvvay 650, vvhich after another fıvc kilo¬meters brings us to Dinar, a tovvn set.at an altitude of 880 meters.
Dinar is the ancient Apameia Cibotus, built by Antiochus I in the second quarter of the third century B.C. and named for his mother Apame.The city vvas built in the foothills of the moun¬tains above the east side of a rich plain on the borderland betvveen Pisidia and Phrygia, vvhere the headvvaters of the Maeander are joined by four other streams. it vvas founded near the aeropolis of an earlier settlement named Celaenae, vvhose people vvere relocated in Apameia by Antiochus. The city gave its name to the Treaty of Apameia, signed in 188 B.C, a year after the ballle of Magnesia ended the vvar betvveen the Seleucid king Antiochus III on one side and the Romans and their

52

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53

Rhodian and Pergamene allies on the other. According to the terms of the treaty, Antiochus gave up ali of his possessions in vvestern Asia Minör, with most of his former territory being awarded to Pergamum. After the fail of the Pergamene king-dom, Apameia was annexed by Rome in 129 B.c. Early in the follovving century it vvas destroyed in one of the earthquakes to vvhich the region is subject, after vvhich it vvas repaired by Mithridates VI of Pontus. After the fail of Mithridates, Apameia came under the control of Rome, and early in the Roman impe-rial era it became one of the most prosperous cities in Asia Minör. As Strabo vvriies in book XIII of his Geography: "Apameia is a great emporium of Asia, I mean Asia in the spe-cial meaning of that term |i.e., Asia Minör], and ranks second only to Ephesus, for it is a common entrepöt for the merchan-dise from both Italy and Greece."
Apameia vvas overrun in the Arab and Turkish invasions, vvhich together vvith the frequent earthquakes that it suffered utterly destroyed vvhat vvas left of the ancient city. Thus Dinar today has no historic monuments of note, vvith even its more recent buildings destroyed by a severe earthquake in 1995.
We leave Dinar on Highvvay 625, vvhich takes us southeast for thirty-tvvo kilometers to a junction, vvhere—on the left— Highvvay 625 heads off to İsparta and—on the right—Highvvay 650 leads to Burdur. We turn off onto Highvvay 650, vvhich after tvventy-four kilometers brings us around the eastern end of Burdur Gölü to the tovvn of Burdur.
Burdur is the ancient Arcania Limnae, vvhich acquired its pre- ' sent name early in the Turkish period. The traveler Ibn Battuta, vvho visited Burdur in the mid-fourteenth century, described it as "a small place vvith many orchards and streams, and a small fortress on a hilltop." Hamilton describes the tovvn, vvhich he calls Buldur, in his journal for 3 Octobcr 1836:

At half-past five vve were near Buldur, situated on the sloping sides of the hills vvhich rise up like an amphitheatre in a semicircular form, in advance of vvhich are several lovver hills covered vvith houses. The tovvn vvith the suburbs covers a large space of ground, as many of the houses have gardens attached to them.The vvhole presents a striking and picturesque appearance. Buldur is said to contain 5000 houses, of vvhich a considerable proportion are Greek. I visited the bazaars, vvhich are crovvded vvith a picturesque col-lection of molley groups from the neighbouring villages.
The oldest monument in the tovvn is the Ulu Cami, built by the Hamitoğlu emir, Dündar Bey, in the fourteenth century. The ear-liest Ottoman monument is the Bulgurlu Medrese, vvhich novv houses the archaeological museum.The museum has objects dat-ing from the Neolithic Age through the Byzantine period from archaeological sites in northern Pisidia, the most important being Hacılar. There are also a number of fine old Ottoman houses in Burdur that have been restored and are öpen to the public.
We novv make an excursion southvvestvvard on Highvvay 330, vvhich at first takes us along the southern shore of Burdur Gölü. Knovvn in antiquity as Lake Ascania, Burdur Gölü is the fourlh largest of the Pisidian lakes. it measures thirty-tvvo kilometers southvvest to northeast and a maximum of eight kilometers in vvidth, its surface being at an elevation of 845 meters.
The road veers inland before reaching the southvvest end of the lake. Then, tvventy-five kilometers from Burdur, it brings us to Hacılar, a village about 1,500 meters from the archaeological site to vvhich it has given its name.
The archaeological site of Hacılar vvas excavated in the years 1957-60 by James Mellaart for the British Institute of Archaeology in Ankara. Mellaart unearthed nine levels of human occupation, the lovvest and earliest dating from the seventh mil-lennium B.c. in vvhich houses made of mud brick vvere found. Some of the finds from Hacılar are exhibited in the Burdur museum and in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, the most striking being the statuettes of the Anatolian mother goddess, the oldest of vvhich vvere found here.

54

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I

We novv retrace our route to Burdur, after vvhich we head southeast on Highvvay 650. This takes us över the Çelikçi Pass at an altitude of 1,226 meters, after vvhich the road descends steeply until it veers eastvvard to approach its junction vvith Highvvay 685, thirty kilometers from Burdur. At the junction vve head south on Highvvay 650, vvhich takes us from the Pisidian highlands to the Pamphylian plain, vvhere vve end our itinerary in Antalya.

NORTH FROM ANTALYA

2009-05-04T14:44:00.000-07:00

The caravanserai is at the foot of the Çubuk Pass, vvhich at its crest is 925 meters above sea level, at vvhich point vve leave Pamphylia and enter the highlands of Pisidia. Referring to the geographer Artemidorus of Ephesus, \vho vvrote ca. 100 B.C, Strabo describes Pisidia in book XII of his Ceography, vvhere he vvrites about the Pisidians after his account of their neighbors to the north, the Lycaonians:
Contiguous lo ihese are the Pisidians, and in particular the Selgeis, who are ıhe most notable of the Pisidians. Novv the grealest part ol" thenı occupy the sunınıils of the Taurus, but some. situated above Side and Aspendus, Pamphylian cities, occupy hiily places.everyvvhere planted vvith olivc trees; and the region above this (we are now in ıhe mouıitains) is occupied by the Catanneis, whose country borders on that of the Selgeis and the Homonaeis; but the Sagalasseis occupy the region this side the Taurus that faces Milyas. Artemidorus says that ıhe cities of the Pisidians are Selgc, Sagallasus, Petnelissus, Adada, Tymbriada. Cremna, Pityassus, Amblada. Anabura, Sinda, Aarassus, Tarbassus, and Termessos. Of these, some are entirely in the mountains, vvhile others extend cven as far as the foot-hills on either side, to both Pamphylia and Milyas. and border on the Phrygians and the Lydians and the Carians. \vhich are ali peaceable tribes, although they are situated tou'ards the north .. .And the nature of the region is vvonderful, for among the summits of the Taurus there is a country vvhich can supporl tens of ihousands of inhabitanıs and is so fertile ıhaı it is planted vvith the olive in many places, and vvith fine vineyards, and produces abundant pasture for catıle of ali kinds: and above this country, ali round il, lie forests of various kinds of timber.
Just beyond the Çubuk Pass a signposted road on the left leads to the site of ancient Ariassos, a drive of about one kilo-meter. This is the city that Strabo, quoting Artemidorus, calls Aarassus. The site vvas discovered in 1885 by Austrian arehae-ologists, vvbo incorrectly identified it as Cretopolis. The correct identificalion vvas made in 1892 by French epigraphers, vvho deciphered inseriptions on the site and also found coins of Ariassos dating from the Hellenistic period to the mid-third cen-tury A.D. The site vvas surveyed in 1988-89 by a team of British archacologists headcd by Stephcn Mitchell, vvho identified the extant monııments and mapped the site.

Roımın Galemıy al Arias.uı.s
The ancient city vvas built at the bottom and on the terraced orth slope of a steep-sided valley, vvilh the original Hellenistic civic cenler to the southvvest and the later Roman tovvn to the northeast. The most prominent monument is a three-arched monumental Roman gatevvay at the northcastern end of the val¬ley, an almost perfectly preserved strueture standing to its full height of some 12 meters. The gatevvay is dated to the period A.D. 220-40. The consoles on its facade originally supported honorific statucs. The main street of the Roman tovvn led soııth-vvestvvard to the forum, novv occupied by the ruins of an carly Byzantine basilican ehureh. The basilica, 23.4 meters long and 14.4 meters vvide, comprised a cenlral nave flanked by a pair of aisles, vvith a narthex on the vvest and a semicircular apse vvith a synthronon at the cast—the chamber at the southvvest corner probably being the bapiistery. The street continues beyond the forum to a gymnasium-bath :>mplc.\, dated by inseriptions lo the first half of the third cen-Ury A.D. One of the inseriptions, bearing the date A.D. 214-15,

26
PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I
is from thc base of a statııe of ihe emperor Caracalla (r. 211 -17). At the southvvest end of the valley there are the remains of a Roman nymphaeum.
The buildings of the Hellenistic civic center were grouped around a small paved agora at the southvveslern end of the valley. The remains of the bouleuterion are on the north side, a rectangu-lar structure measuring some 18 by 14 melers. w idi ten rpws of seats arrayed around a small orehestra. Opposite the bouleuterion are the ruins of a small prostyle temple, and to the southvvest there is a small building that may havc becn the prytaneion, or senate house.
There are extensive burial grounds outside the city to the east, south, and southvvest. The monuments inelude lidded cists, sar-cophagi, and at least t\venty-five mausolea, many of them vvell preserved.
We novv return to the main highvvay and continue driving north. After about fi ve kilometers vve pass the village of Boğazköy. East of the village there are the ruins of a small ancient city on a hillside. An inseription has identified this as Panemoteichos, a place not mentioned by Strabo among the cities of Pisidia. The earliesl evidence of its existence comes from coins minted during the third century A.D. beginning vvith those of Caracalla and his mother Julia Domna, vvidovv of Septimius Severus. Ali that is lef t of the ancient city are some scattered architectural fragments, many of them built into the village houses. One of them, an inseribed stele, has becn set up in the center of the village; the inseription rceords the dedica-lion of a statue of Septimius Severus (r. 193-211) erceted by the council and people of Panemoteichos.
About a kilometer farther along vve turn left on the road to Korkuteli, Highvvay 635, vvhich four kilometers from the junc-tion passes the village of Kızılkaya. About five kilometers beyond Kızılkaya vve turn off to the right on a road signposted for Ürkütül, a drive of some three kilometers. This brings us

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 27
to the site of an ancient city on and around a mound knovvn as Şerefeönü Höyük. The mound is covered vvith pottery shards and roughly carved stone fragments, vvhile numerous ancient architectural fragments are scattered in the surrounding fields. George Bean identified this as Comama, vvhich Augustus (r. 27 B.C.-A.D. 14) founded as a base for the Roman army ca. 25 B.c.
Stephen Mitchell has recently identified the site of ancient Cretopoiis at the village of Yüreğil, six kilometers duc north of Şerefeönü Höyük. The earliest mention of the city is by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus in his account of the cam-paign of Antigonus against Alcetas in 319 B.c. Diodorus vvrites that Antigonus marehed his forces south from Cappadocia to Pisidia as far as "the city of the Cretans," vvherc he defeated Alcetas. Alcetas then retreated to Termessos, vvhere he subse-quently commıtted suicide. The name Cretopoiis is believed to stem from the fact that Alexander settled some Crctan veterans of his army there after his campaign in Pisidia. Ali that remains of the ancient city are some architectural fragments, most of them built into the local houses, as vvell as numerous shards from the Roman period.
Returning to Highvvay 650, vve continue driving northvvard, passing on our left the shallovv lake knovvn as Kestel Gölü. At the point vvhere the highvvay comes eloseşt to the lake, vve turn right on a road that in a kilometer or so takes us to the Susuz Han, a Seljuk caravanserai built late in the reign of Gıyasettin Keyhüsrev II around 1246. The building, vvhich is very vvell preserved, is square in plan, measuring 26.5 meters on a side.The elaboratcly carved entryvvay Icads to the central aisle, from vvhich five trans-verse aisles lead off on either side, ali of them covered vvith ogi ve vaults, vvith a dome on a drum over thc central erossing.
We return to the highvvay önce again and continue driving north for another nine kilometers or so. We then turn right on a road signposted for the tovvn of Bucak, a drive of three kilometers.

NORTH FROM ANTALYA

29

There is nothing of interest in the tovvn itself, but it is a base for visiting t\vo ancient Pisidian sites.
The first of these is near the village of Çamlık, a drive of about tvvelve kilometers east-northeast of Bucak. This is the site of ancient Cremna, fırst investigated in the 1880s by the Austrian Count von Lanckoronski. Nothing further vvas done until the I970s, vvhen it vvas excavated by archaeologists from istanbul University under Jale İnan; in more recent years a nevv study has been made by a British team directed by Stephen Mitchell. A large collection of Cremna's coins from the first century B.c. are novv exhibited in the Burdur Archaeological Museum.
Cremna's lofty site vvas thought to make it impregnable, though it surrendered to Alexander during his Pisidian campaign. Then in 25 B.c. it fell to King Amyntas, a client of the Romans, vvho at that time ruled much of vvest-central Asia Minör. Strabo describes the fail of Cremna and the subsequent fate of Amyntas in book XII of his Geography, vvhere he gives a vivid picture of vvarfare in the mountains of Pisidia in his ovvn time:
Novv Amyntas capturecl Cremna, and, passing inlo the country of the Honıonadeis, vvho vvere considered too strong to capture, and having novv established himsclf as master of most of these places, having cven slain their tyrant, vvas caught by treachery through the artifice of the tyrant's vvife. And he vvas pul to death by those peoplc, but Cyrinius |Sulpicius Quirinus, governor of Syria| overthrevv the inhabitants by starving them, and captured alive four thousand men and settled them in the neighbour-ing cities, leaving the country dcstitute of ali its men vvho vvere in the prime of life. İn the midst of the heights of the Taurus, vvhich are very stcep and for the most part impassable, there is a hollovv and fertile plain vvhich is divided into several valleys. But though the people tilled this plain, they lived on the overhanging brovvs of the mountains or in caves. They vvere armcd for the most part and vvere vvont to overrun the country of others, having mountains that served as vvalls about their country.
Aftcr the death of Amyntas his kingdom vvas annexed by Rome, the vvestern part becoming the province of Galatia.

30

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I

Augustus established a Roman colony in Cremna and rebuilt the city's defense \valls, vvhîch three centuries later vvere restored by the emperor Probus (r. 276-82). The Iatter restoration vvas necessitated by the great damage that the \valls had suffered (ca. 270) when Cremna vvas seized by a Pisidian brigand chieftain named Lydius, vvho held out against the Romans for some time before they vvere able to recapture the city.
The ancient city is on a spectacular hilltop site high above the Aksu Çayı, the river Cestrus of antiquity. in her book Roman Colonies in Southern Asia Minör Barbara Levick describes the site \vith the follovving quote from Count von Lanckoronski:
Cremna stoocl on a plaîeau whiclı Count Lanckoronski vvell described as having the shape of the head and shoulders of a flying eagle, \vith the beak tovvards t hu east. Only on the castern side. aeross the neck of the eagle, is the site easy of access. Here the ground falls away in a gentle slope. Along the w hole length of the southem side run narrovv ledges baeked by steep cliffs, and it is on one of these that the south gate is plaeed. An cnemy \vho tried to enter by this gate vvould be at the merey of the defenders above on his left. The plateau is cut ofl on the approachable vvestern side by a line of fortifications running right aeross its vvidth. Outside this wall is the ceme-tery; vvithin a site of about ninety acres.
The hill slopes dovvn precipitously on ali sides except the vvest, vvhere an ancient road leads up to the aeropolis. The sum-mit is a long and narrovv plateau tapering irregularly to an apex on the east, measuring 1,200 meters east-vvest and 200-500 meters north-south. The ancient defense vvall that proteeted the aeropolis on its vvestern and southern sides survives to a large extent, along vvith tvvo of its gatevvays. The necropolis vvas out¬side the main gate at the vvestern end of the plateau, as evi-denced by the sareophagi lying there. There is also a ruined Byzantine church outside the vvalls at the poinl vvlıere lhe ancient road reaches the summit of the hill.
The civic center of Cremna vvas at the narrovvest part of the aeropolis, approachcd via a stoa some 150 meters in length

32

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDİA 1

NORTH FROM ANTALYA

33

flanked by t\vin colonnades, a monument dating from the reign ol' Hadrian (r. 117-138). I his Icd lo the main square of ihe Roman tovvn, the Forum Longus,dominated on its northern side by a basilica. At the northvvest corner of the forum we see the splcndid remains of a great marble stairvvay that led to a propy-lon and nymphaeum. At the foot of the stairvvay there is a dam-aged but stili beautiful relief from an exedra, its central figüre a goddess identified as Artemis. South of the forum there are the remains of a handsome library of \vhich one vvall has survived to almost its full height along vvith tvvo arches. East of the forum is the theater, vvhich faces northvvest över a stoa. At its eastern end this stoa leads to a gymnasium, and just beyond that is a pi-shaped Doric stoa knovvn as the Forum Marcellum, a structure originally erected in the Hellenistic period and rebuilt in the imperial Roman era. Other monuments include four small tem-ples and a second Byzantine church, ali of them arraycd along the northern edgc of the plateau.
The second site is t\venty-five kilometers southeast of Bucak on Highvvay 15-26. At the road's end vve come to Kocaaliler, formerly knovvn as Melli, from vvhere a \valk of about a kilo-meter to the southeast brings us to an ancient site that George Bean identified as ancient Milyas. Bean based his identificalion partly on the supposition that Melli, the former name of the nearby tovvn vvas a form of Milyas; but some authorities are not convinced by this. Bean also based his identification on a refer-ence by Strabo in book XII of his Geography. in describing Phaselis, Strabo vvrites: "Above it lies Solyma, a mountain, and alsoTermessos, a Pisidian city situated ncar the defıles, through vvhich there is a pass över the mountains to Milyas. Alexander destroycd Milyas for the reason that he vvished to öpen the defıles." The site here is near one of the passes that leads to Termessos, but ııeithcr does this fact convince many authorities, and its identification as Milyas remains in doubt.

in any event, the ancient city is situated on the top of a hill overlooking one of the tributaries of the river Cestrus. On the summit vve see the remains of a polygonal vvall dating from the early Hellenistic period. Near the summit, on the northeast slope of the hill, vve see the ruins of the Hellenistic theater, of vvhich only ten or so tiers of seats remain of the cavea, as vvell as part of its stage building. Farther dovvn the slope there are the scat-tered masonry blocks of a number of unidentified buildings.The main necropolis vvas on the northvvest slope of the hill, vvhere there are a number of sarcophagi and other funerary monuments. There is also a relief carved on a rocky hillside visible from the path that leads from the tovvn to the archaeological site.
We novv make our vvay back to the main highvvay via Bucak and continue driving north. After about a kilomcter vve turn off to the left on a road that soon brings us to the İncir Hanı, a Seljuk caravanserai built in 1239 by Gıyasettin Keyhüsrev II.
The building is partly in ruins but nonetheless impressive, particularly its ornately carved entryvvay, vvhose fluted outer arch is flanked by the small figures in lovv relief of tvvo con-fronted lions. The gatevvay leads to the outer courtyard, a square area measuring 36 meters on a side. A second gatevvay leads to the caravanserai proper, 28 meters vvide and 40 meters long, comprising a central aisle flanked by seven pairs of transverse corridors, ali of them of them covered vvith ogive vaults, vvith a dome raised on a drum över the central crossing to provide light and ventilation.

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA

2009-05-04T14:42:00.000-07:00

sel it down in ironi of him, and kept on his head anolher ornamental bonnet of silk or other material. in ıhe center of their hail was a son of platform placed there for visilors. When we took our place, they served up a greal banquet followed by fruits and svveelmeals, after which they began to sing and dance. We vvere filled vvith admiration and were greatly astonished at their openhandedness and generosity. We took leave of thcm at the close of the night and left thcm in their hospice.
Beaufort observed that the Greeks of Antalya spoke only Turkish, as vvas the case elsevvhere in Anatolia at that time. Greek vvas stili used in the Iiturgy of the Greek Orthodox churches in Antalya, though ncither the pricsts nor their congre-gation understood that language, as Beaufort observes in his Karamania:
The population of Adalia probably does not exceed 8000, two-thirds of vvhich I undeutand to be Mohammedan, the other third Greek.These Greeks are acquaintcd »itli no other language tlıaıı Turkish. but though some of their prayers are translated into that language, ıhe principal part of their Iiturgy continues to be repcated in Greek by the Papas, or priests, of vvhom ıhe greater number are as ignorant of the meaning, as their congregalion.
The oldest part of Antalya is the quarter around the port, vvhose monuments inelude struetures from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman pcriods, as vvell as a number of picturesque old Turkish houses, some of vvhich have been vvell restored in recenl years. Around the port quarler there are stili some stretehes of the ancient defense vvalls and tovvers. These fortifications vvere originally built in the Hellenistic period, though most of vvhat novv survives is Roman, along vvith consid-erable parts dating from a reconstruction by Manuel 1 Comnenus (r. 1143-80). Beaufort \vrites of the ancient vvalls in his Karamania, vvhere he refers to the lovvn as Adalia:
Adalia is beautifully situated around a small harbour; the streets appear to rise behind each other like ıhe seats of a theatre; and on the level summit of the hill, the city is enelosed by a diteh, a double vvall, and a scries of square tovvers about fıfty yards asunder. Wc cndeavoured lo obtain permission to pass along the insides of

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 7
the vvalls, and to examine them and the tovvers; bul Ihe Bey reminded us of the rigid lavvs of the empire on thai subjecl, and vvithout absolutely refusing, put it to my feelings vvhether, circumstanced as he vvas vvith regard to the I'orte, I vvould urgc him to do, vvhat his enemies vvould not fail to distort into a grave offence. There vvas no ansvvering this appeal,and vve contented ourselves vvith an extemal vievv.
The course of the ancient city vvalls is follovved by the tvvo main avenues of dovvntovvn Antalya, vvith Cumhuriyet Caddesi bounding the old quarter on the northvvest and Atatürk Caddesi on the northeast. Near the northern end of Cumhuriyet Caddesi, just before it intersects Atatürk Caddesi, vve see the elock tovver, a landmark at the city center. The quarter around the tovver is called the Kale Kapısı, "the Castle Gate," named for one of the long-vanished gatevvays in the ancient vvalls of Antalya. The mosque to the right of the elock tovver is the eighteenth-century Tekeli Mehmet Paşa Camii.
Gale of Hadrian. AnUüyu
The best-preserved streteh of the ancient vvalls is along Atatürk Caddesi, vvhich runs soııtheast from its intersection vvith Cumhuriyet Caddesi and then curves around to the cliffs south of the port. A short vvay along the avenue vve see the Gate of , a monumental propylon (gatevvay) built to celebrate the emperor's vpsit to Attaleia in A.D. 130. The gatevvay, flanked by tvvo huge tovvers of the original Hellenistic vvalls, consists of three coffered arches of equal size, vvith four Corinthian columns standing on detached pedestals in front of the piers that support the arches.
At the seavvard end of Atatürk Caddesi there is another impressive monument of Roman Attaleia—the eolossal tovver knovvn as the Hıdırlık Kulesi. This massive structure, vvhich probably dates from the second century A.D., consists of a square base supporting a round tovver, vvith a poorly built parapet that seems to have been added in the Byzantine era. The tovver resembles the Castel San'Angelo, Hadrian's mausoleum in Rome, and it is believed to have been built as a sepulcher for a local Roman notable.
The most prominent monument in Antalya is the Yivli Minare Camii, "the Mosque vvith the Fluted Minaret," vvhich stands belovv the south side of Cumhuriyet Caddesi some 300 meters from the elock tovver. The fluted shaft of this striking minaret is built of pink-red bricks into vvhich have been set small pieces of blue-green Seljuk tiles. The minaret vvas ereeted by the Seljuk sultan Alaettin Keykubat I (r. 1219-36) in 1219. Originally the minaret vvas attoched to a mosque that had been a Byzantine church before the Seljuk capture of Attaleia in 1207. This edifice vvas replaced in 1373 by the present mosque, vvhich vvas founded by Mehmet Bey, emir of the Hamitoğlu beylik. The interior is covered by three pairs of domes supported by tvvelve columns in three rovvs of four each, some of them surmounted by ancient Ionic and Corinthian capitals. Mehmet Bey also ereeted the türbe (tomb) that stands in the courtyard above the mosque, a distinetive structure vvith a pyramidal roof. This vvas built in 1377 as a sepulcher for Mehmet Bey's eldest son, vvho died before he could succeed his father as emir.The other building in the upper courtyard is an eighteenth-century tekke, or dervish lodgc, used by the Mcvlevis—the famous vvhirling dervishes.

Directly aeross the courtyard from the mosque there are the ruins of tvvo Seljuk medresen, or theological sehools. The isolated portal to the right is ali that remains of the medrese built in 1239 by Sultan Gıyasettin Keyhüsrev II (r. 1236-46). On the other side are the more substantial remains of the medrese founded ca. 1220 by Gıyasettin's father, Alaettin Keykubat I.
Along the vvinding streets in the upper part of the old quarter inside the vvalls there are a number of interesting monuments. One of these is the Karatay Medresesi, founded in 1250 by the vizier Celalettin Karatay, one of the great builders in Seljuk his-tory. Another is the Kesik Minare Camii, "the Mosque vvith the Truncated Minaret." This vvas originally a church dedicated to the Virgin, converted to a mosque after the Seljuk capture of Attaleia. This once-splendid basilica, novv an utter ruin, vvas built in the fıfth century, serving as the cathedral of Byzantine Attaleia until the city fell to the Seljuks.

Hıdırlık Kulesi, Antalya
The Antalya Archaeological Museum is some tvvo kilometers vvest of the tovvn center, approached by dri ving out along Kenan Evren Bulvarı just beyond thejunclion vvith Piri Reis Caddesi. This is one of the most interesting and attractive of ali Ihe local museums in Turkey. it has exhibits from the enlire speetrum of civilizations in southvvestern Turkey, ineluding Pamphylia, Lycia, and Pisidia.The oldest objccts are from the Karain Cave, a Palaeolithic site on the upper tier of the Pamphylian plain. The thirteen rooms in the museum cover the whole range of the area's archaeological past: Palaeolithic, Chalcolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, Iron, Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Seljuk, Beylik, and Ottoman. Three rooms are devoted to the ethnological colleetion, vvhich has fascinating exhibits associated vvith the local Yuruks, or nomads.
Our itinerary vvill now take us north from Antalya into Pisidia, the region vvifhin the Taurus Mountains north of the Pamphylian plain. We begin by driving inland on Highvvay 650, the road to Burdur; then after eleven kilometers \ve turn left on Highvvay 350, the road to Korkuteli.
Some seven kilometers along Highvvay 350 vve make a detour lo the right for the Evdir Hanı, a Seljuk caravanserai built by Sultan İzzettin Keykavus I (r. 1210-19), son of Gıyasettin Keyhüsrev I, the conqueror of Attaleia. During the thirteenth century the Seljuks built scores of these caravanserais along the roads of Anatolia as hostels for merehants, greatly stimulating the commerce of the subeontinent. About fifty of these hand-some buildings are stili standing, though almost ali have fallen into ruin; nevertheless-they continue to be impressive land-marks on the othervvise stark and featureless landscapc of cen-tral Anatolia. The Evdir Hanı remained in use almost to the end of the Ottoman era, though by then it had seen better days. This is cvident from the account of Spralt and Forbes in their Travels in Lycia, Milyas and the Cybaritis, published in 1847:
The entrance lo the khan is a magnificeni gatevvay of Saracenic arehitec-lure, highly ornamented. and in part ccmstructed of white marble. The mar-

12

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 13

ble slabs bore inscriptions, probably sentences from the koran. Within is a greaı couri, surrounded by lofty, vaulted cloisters, now partly in ruins; here we lodged, lighting our fire under the arches, and picketing our horses in the quadranglc. The lodging vvas snug cnough, bul had the disadvantage of having been the camp of a mighty army of fleas, vvho forthvviıh, regarding us as natural enemies, proceeded to the attack; and although each of the party literally slevv hundreds, did not seem in the least diminished by the morning. During ıhe night they made incessant efforts to destroy us, and vve arose in a very uncomfortable state and much wounded.
Betvveen the caravanserai and the main road there are the scattered ruins of an ancient city of unknown name. Spratt and Forbes seem to have been the first foreign travelers to report on the site, vvhich they examined in 1842 after their flea-tormented night in the Evdir Hant:
The ruins of the city surrounding the khan appear to be of later date, and are constructed of smali stones vvith mortar. There are several early churches and numerous sarcophagi, which are ranged in double rovvs at the sides of the ancient approaches, forming sacred ways. in the centre are the ruins of a handsome mausoleum. Many of the sarcophagi are inscribed, but although vve examined nearly ali, none of those vvhich are legible presented the name of the city. Nearly ali the inscriptions conclude vvith notice that the fine imposed for violating the tomb should be paid to the gods of Solymi. The most singular feature of the ruins are aqueducts, vvhich intersect the city in ali directions, and are formed from solid vvalls from eight to ten feet high.ThesealI leadoff from a largerand principal duct.that must havecon-veyed a considerable quantity of vvater, judging from the breadth of the channel.
A large number of the sarcophagi menlioned by Spratt and Forbes have survived, most of them half-buried and broken. in the southern part of the site there is a heap of ruins that vvas önce a smali temple, of vvhich there remain huge blocks of its richly sculptured archilrave, as vvell as parts of its coffered ceiling and spirally fluted columns. Also in its vicinity there are tvvo curious sculptural fragments represenling a male figüre mounted on vvhat appears to be a seahorse. George Bcan suggests that the name of the tovvn vvas Anydrus, "Waterless," a place mcntioned in the inscriptions of Termessos, a likely identification in vievv of the numerous vvater channels that it vvas necessary lo create here.
Returning to Highvvay 350, vve continue on for fıve kilometers until vve come to the main entrance of the Termessos National Park, a beautiful vvooded area on the slopes of Güllük Dağı, "the Rosc-Garden Mountain." From the entrance it is a drive of nine kilometers up to the car park belovv the site of ancient Termessos. En route vve pass some of the oullying ruins of the city, fırst a vvatchtovver; then some stretehes of a road knovvn as the King's Way, laid dovvn in the second century A.D.; and finally the base of a ceremonial gatevvay vvhere one enlered the lovver environs of the city. This brings us to the car park, vvhence a steep path leads up to the main site of the city.
Termessos is perehed on a subsidiary summit of the tvvin-peakcd Güllük Dağı, the ancient Mt. Solymus, vvhich rises to an elevation of 1,216 meters abovc sea level. The ancient city is set in a Iandscape of vvild beauty on the summit, its ruins com-pletely overgrovvn vvith trees, thickets, and shrubbery, the tombs and sarcophagi of its necropolis tumbled dovvn the slope of the mountainside in vvild disorder.
Although Termessos is often ineluded vvithin Lycia, it is aetu-ally in Pisidia. The people of Termessos alvvays referred to themselves as Solymoi, the vvarrior race vvho lived in these mountains beforc the coming of the Lycians. Homer, in telling the story of Bellerophon in book VI of The /Had, calls them "the glorious Solymoi."
The first historical reference to Termessos appears in 333 B.C., vvhen Alexander made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city. Arrian deseribes the site of Termessos in his account of Alexander's campaigns, vvhere he mistakenly refers to the city as Telmissus:
The people of Telmissus are an Asiatic race of Pisidian blood; the tovvn stands on a lofty and precipitous height, and the road vvhich leads past it is

14
PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA 1
an inconvcııient one. because a ridge runs right down to it from Iho toun above, breaking off short with the road at the boltom, vvhile opposite it, on (hc other side, the ground rises again in an equally steep ascent. The tvvo cliffs make a natural gatcway on the road, so that quite a small force can, by holding the high ground, prevent an enemy from marching through. And this is prccisely vvhat the Telmissians did: they marched out vvith every availablc man anıl oecupied the heights on either side of the road. Alexander, accordingly, gave the order lo halt at önce, convinced that when the enemy savv his men taking up a position for the night they would no longer hold the road in force but withdraw the majority of their tfoops into the tan near by. leaving only a small party on the hills to keep a vvateh-His guess proved right; the main body retired, and only the outposts remained. Alexander then promptly moved to the attack with a force con-sisting of the arehers, the javclin battalions. and the ınore mobile infantry. The small force on the hills, unable to vvithstand the force of his missiles, abandoned the position, and Alexander moved on through the narrovv pas-sage and took up a fresh position near the town.
Alexander eventually abandoned his attempt to capture Termessos, realizing that it vvould not be possible to reduce it without a long siege. And so he broke off the siege and vvent on to attack the other cities of Pisidia, some of vvhich, according to Arrian, "he took by storm, |while) others surrendered to him without resistance."
Fourteen years later the city vvas attacked by Anligonus, one of the Diadochi, the generals of Ale.tander vvho divided up his empire after his death in 323 B.c. At the time Termessos vvas being held by another of AIexander's former generals named Alcetas, vvho vvas supportcd by the younger citizens of the city. The elders of Termessos, unvvilling to facc a siege, sent vvord to the enemy camp that they vvould seize Alcetas and turn him över dead or alive to Antigonus. Alcetas learned of this plot only after his supporters had been dravvn avvay from Termessos by a ruse, and vvhen the city elders attempted to take hold of him he committed suicide rather than surrender. The elders thereupon sent his body to Antigonus, vvho vvas frustrated in his attempt to take Termessos vvhen the supporters of Alcetas relurned and took control of the city. Antigonus then placcd the body of

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 15
Alcetas in a prominent spot vvhere it could be seen from the vvalls of Termessos, and for three days he subjected the corpse to unspeakable indignities, attempting to provoke the defenders into making a foray outside the city. When there vvas no response after three days Antigonus gave up in frustration and marched his army avvay, after vvhich the supporters of Alcetas took the mangled body of their dead leader and buried it vvith great honors, aftervvards ereeting a splendid memorial över his grave.
A short vvay to the right of the car park vve see a ceremonial gatevvay knovvn as the Propylon of Hadrian. The propylon marked the entrance to the temenos (sacred precinet) of a temple, novv in ruins, and presumably dedicated to Hadrian (r. 117-38). The remains indicate that this vvas an Ionic peripteral temple vvith a cella 8 meters in vvidth, of vvhich the principal remnant is the doorvvay vvith its finely carved lintel, surrounded by numerous architectural fragments.
The path to the summit follovvs much the samc course as the uppermost streteh of the King's Way. This takes us through the inner defense vvall, vvhere vve see the remains of a gatevvay and a vvatchtovver. The inner east vvall of the gatevvay bears an inseription that George Bean has interpreted as the beginning of a "dice oracle," one of many such examples in Asia Minör. The dice used vvere knovvn as astragal i. They vvere the neck bones of a sheep or other animal, vvhich could land vvith one of four sides facing up, each of vvhich vvas given a numerical value. Usually five astragali vvere throvvn, giving a set of five numbers. Each of the resulting fıve-digit numbers corresponded to a pronounce-ment of the oracle in verse, almost alvvays a response to a ques-tion put by the pilgrim at the shrine. As Bean vvrites about these oracular verses: 'There is a remarkable sameness about the responses, and it seems that the elient vvas expected to ask only about the advisability of some course of action; the god's advicc is in effect confined to tvvo alternatives: 'Go ahead,' or 'Wait.' The elient might save himself trouble by flipping a coin."

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 17
Continuing upvvard along the path, \ve now ascend a flight of steps and pass through the inner fortifıcation wall, an impressive structure that in part is standing to its ful I height. Here vve see on our left the extensive ruins of a gymnasium, unexcavated and completely overgrovvn. On our right are the remains of a long street önce bordered on both sides by colonnaded stoas lined \vith shops, vvith statues betvveen the columns and sometimes in front of them as vvell, forty-seven sculptures in ali. Only the bases of the statues have survived, more than half of them honoring victors in the games.almost exclusively vvrestlers, the others commemorating priests, magistrates and other officials. After vve pass the colonnaded street, the path divides, and vve take the left fork to approach the city center.
This brings us to the agora, vvhich is in total ruins and com¬pletely overgrovvn. The agora is bordered on its northvvest side by a tvvo-storied Doric stoa vvhich bears an inscription record-ing that it vvas dedicated by Attalus II of Pergamum. Attalus probably dedicated the stoa as an act of gratitude to the Termessians for having fought as his allies during the siege of the Pisidian city of Selge, long an enemy of Termessos. Beneath this side of the agora there are five deep cisterns, to vvhich vvater vvas conducted by an aqueduct. On the northeast side of the agora there vvas a similar stoa erected in the Roman era by a vvealthy citizen of Termessos named Osbaras. At the southvvest corner of the agora a large outcropping of rock has been carved into a heroon, the tomb and shrine of a deified hero. Three niches on the vvest side of the rock vvere presumably receptacles for dedicatory offerings to the hero.
Beyond the agora to the vvest is the vvell-preserved theater, standing on a spectacular site facing vvest across the inlervening valley tovvard the tvvin peaks of Mt. Solymus. The structure dates from the Hellenistic period, and though rebuilt in the Roman era, it retains its original Greek plan—the cavea (area vvhere the theatergoers sat) forming more than a semicircle. The

18 PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I

NORTH FROM ANTALYA

19

Theater, Termessos
t\vo paradoi that scparate the cavea ffom the stage building vvere originally öpen, in the Greek style, but in the Roman imperial era the southern one vvas replaced by a covered passagevvay when the auditorium vvas expanded on that side. The stage building, vvhich in its present form seems to date from the late second century A.D., comprises only the stage and a long and narrovv room behind it. The auditorium has one diazoma (the passage that divided the lower from the upper rows of seals), vvith sixteen rovvs of seats belovv and eight above, giving an estimaled capacity of 4,200 spectators.The main entrance to the auditorium is by an arched doorvvay in the middle of the rear vvall, from vvhcre a broad stairvvay leads do\vn to the diazoma. The keystonc in the arch of the doorvvay supported a statue of the youthful Heracles, dedicated by the city.
South of the theater there is an unusually vvell-preserved building, its vvalls in some placcs standing to a height of almost 10 meters.This has bcen identified as an odeion, or conçert hail, although il ma\ also havc served as the bouleuterion.or council

house.The building dates from the Hcllcnistic period,and com-bines both Doric and Ionic elements in its design, most notably in the pilasters in the upper parts of ils outer face.
Just to the west of the odeion are the remains of a beautifully constructed temple comprising only a cella, measuring 6.1 by 7.36 meters, its vvalls stili standing to a height of 4 meters. The Austrian archaeologists vvho excavated this temple bel i eve that it vvas dedicated to Zeus Solymeus, the patron deity of Termessos.
There are the remains of another temple just to the south of the odeion. This is a vvell-preserved prostyle temple (one vvith a pronaos, or front porch), ils square cella measuring 5.5 meters on each side. The temple vvas dedicated to Artemis, as noted in an inseription on the lintel of the perfectly preserved door. The inseription also records that the temple and its cult statue of Artemis vvere endovved by Aurelia Armasta, vvith the help of her husband, and that the decoration and si\ silver images ol the goddess vvere paid for by her mother. The temple has been dated to the first half of the third century A.D.
Southeast of this edifice there are the foundations of an ear-lier temple of Artemis. The architectural fragments indicate that this vvas a peripteral Doric hexastyle temple vvith six columns at the ends and eleven on the sides, dating from the mid-second century A.D. One of the reliefs vvith vvhich the temple vvas decorated shovvs Artemis in the sacrificial scene from Iphigenia in Aulis, the tragedy by Euripides.
There is another temple just to the south of this earlier sanc-tuary of Artemis. This is a templum-in-antis vvith Corinthian columns, its cella measureş 6.9 by 5.78 meters and stands on a highpodium. Architectural fragments indicate that the temple dates from the late Roman period, but there is no evidence to identify the deity to vvhom it vvas dedicated.
There are tvvo more temples to the vvest of the city center, south and southeast of the Stoa of Attalus. Thcy are proslyle

20 PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA 1
temples \vith Corinthian columns.oneof \vhich measures 10.85 by 9.5 meters and the other 7.2 by 6.75 meters. They have becn datcd to (he Roman imperial era, but here again there is no evi-dence to identify the deities to vvhom they \vere dedicated.
South of the t\vo temples, to the southvvest of the City center, stands a vvell-preserved structure known as the Founder's House. This \vas a Roman mansion built around an unroofed atrium, in the middle of \vhich there vvas a sunken impluvium, a basin for collecting rainvvater. Stili standing at a height of 6 meters, the splendid cntryvvay of the mansion is Doric. The house takes its name from an inscription on the left jamb of the door, vvhich records that the o\vner \vas a "founder of the city," undoubtedly referring to his civic benefactions in Termessos.
«<,•„„,,„,,„>„, ll/C„ri>m,n Tanrl, ■» Termessos. İW», „y Nlfmm
Termessos is surrounded on ali sides except the east by its vast necropolis, vvith mausolea, sarcophagi, and rock-he\vn tombs in the Lycian style covering the slopes of the mountain-side. The most interesting is a rock-hewn tomb at the base of the cliff on the vvestern side of the sile. The tomb has bcen broken

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 21
'jp^
Sanopha^i in Nonnyolis at Termessos
■ -
öpen by grave robbers, vvho smashed the sarcophagus in the burial chamber, but the reliefs on its exterior have survivcd, altlıough badly damaged. The finest of the reliefs shovvs a mounted vvarrior in armor vvith his right hand raised as he pre-pares to throvv a spear; belovv are carvings of a crested helmet, a pair of greaves, a round shield, and a svvord. The style of the relicf dates it to the late fourth ccntury B.C, \vhich suggests that this is the tomb of Alcetas, erected by his follovvers after he killed himself.
After leaving Termessos vve retrace our route to the junction of Highvvays 350 and 650. There vve turn to head north on Highvvay 650, vvhich takes us up from the Pamphylian plain inlo the highlands of Pisidia vvithin the Taurus. A short \vay beyond the junction vve turn left on a road signposted for the Karain Cave, a drive of about eight kilometers north on a route parallel to Highvvay 650.
The Karain Cave vvas first excavated by Turkish archaeolo-gists during the ycars 1946-73. Their fınds, novv exhibitcd in

22

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA !
Rock-hewıı Tomhs in Ilır Neçmptılte tıl Trrıııes.uu

NORTH FROM ANTALYA 23
the Antalya Museum and in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, show that the cave \vas inhabited throughout the Palaeolithic period (30,000-8000 B.C.). The finds include tools and vveapons of both stone and bone along vvith other artifacts.The stone objects include hand-axes, scrapers, and arrovvheads, \vhile among those of bone are avvls, needles, and ornaments. Human remains include teeth and bone frag-mcnts of both Homo sapiens and Neanderthal man, the largest being part of a child's skull. The excavation vvas resumed in 1985, the most important nevv find to date being a cult site near the entrance to the cave.
We retrace our route to Highvvay 650 and continue driving north. As vve do so we see a sign on the right indicating a stretch t of the ancient road from Pamphylia to Pisidia, \vhich passed through the Döşemealtı Gorge at this point. A milestone bearing the date A.D. 6 records that this vvas the Via Sebaste, which led from the Mediterranean coast to Antiocheia in Pisidia. At the foot of the gorge there are the remains of a fortress, a hostel, and a bath, ali of the impcrial Roman era. There is also a five-kilo-meter stretch of the Byzantıne stepped track, known as the cli-max,or ladder, which vvas used by pedestrians and pack animals making their vvay through the gorge. At the upper end of the track are the ruins of an ancient settlement, including a gatevvay, a Hellenistic watchtower, houses, tombs, and severaf Byzantıne churches.
Above the Döşemealtı Gorge the road makes a long bend to the vvest beforc heading northvvard önce again. Near the begin-ning of the bend vve see on our right a Seljuk caravanscrai knovvn as the Kırkgöz Hanı. This vvas built during the reign of Gıyasettin Keyhüsrev II. Its overall dimensions are45.7 by 10.6 meters, vvith its cntryvvay on the south side leading into a court-yard vvith rooms on either side and the main hail on the north side divided into six vaultcd chambers.

NORTH KROM ANTALYA

2009-05-04T14:38:00.001-07:00

Wc stayed here at the college mosque of the tovvn, the principal of vvhich was Shaykh Shihab ad-Din al-Hamavvi. Novv in ali the lands inhabited by the Turkmens in Anatolia, in every district, tovvn, and village, there are to be found members of the organization knovvn as the Akhiya or Young Brotherhood. Novvhcre in the vvorld vvill you find men so eager to vveleome slrangers, so prompt to serve food and to salisfy the vvants of others, and so ready to suppress injustice and to kili ftyrannicall agents of poliçe and the misereants vvho join vvith them. A young brother, or akhi in their language, is one vvho is chosen by ali the members of his trade IguildJ, or by other young unmarried men, or those vvho live in ascetic retreaı, to be their leader. Their organization is knovvn also as the Futuvva, or Order of Youth. The leader builds a hospice and furnishes it vvith rugs, lamps and other appli-ances. The members of his community vvork during the day to gain their livelihood, and bring him vvhat they have earned in the late afternoon. With this they buy fruit, food, and the other things vvhich the hospice requires for their use. If a traveller comes to the tovvn thal day they lodgc him in their hospice; these provisions serve for his entertainment as their guest, and he stays vvith them until he goes avvay. If there are no travellers they them¬selves assemble to partake of the food, and having eaten it they sing and dance. On the morrovv they return to their oecupations and bring their earn-ings to their leader in the late afternoon. The members are called fityan (youths), and their leader, as vve have said, is the ahi.
The day after our arrival at Antaliya one of these youths came to Shaykh Shihab ad-Din al-Hamavvi and spoke to him in Turkish, vvhich I did not understand at that time. He vvas vvearing old clothes and had a felt bonnet on his head. The shaykh said to me 'Do you knovv vvhat he is saying?' 'No' said I T do not knovv.' He ansvvered 'He is inviting you and your company to eat a meal vvith him.' I vvas astonished but 1 said 'Very vvell,' and vvhen the man had göne I said to the shaykh 'He is a poor man, and is not able to entertain us, and vve do not like to be a burden on him.' The shaykh burst out laughing and said 'He is one of the shaykhs of the Young Brotherhood. He is a cobbler, and a man of generous disposition. His comrades, about two hundred men belonging to different trades, have made him their leader and have built a hospice to entertain their guests. AH that they earn by day they spend at night.'
After I had prayed the sunset prayer the same man came back for us and took us to the hospice. We found [ourselves in] a fine building, carpeted vvith beautiful Turkish rugs and lit by a large number of chandeüers of lraqi glass.A number of young men stood in rovvs in the hail, vvearing long man-tles and boots, and each had a knife about tvvo cubits long attached to a gir-dle about his vvaist. On their heads vvere vvhite vvoolen bonnets.and attached to the peak of their bonnets vvas a piece of stuff a cubit long and tvvo fingers in breadth. Whcn they took their seats, every man removcd his bonnet and

PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA I

2009-05-04T14:37:00.000-07:00

Adalia vvas captured in 1207 by the Seljuk Turks under Sullan Gıyasettin Keyhüsrev I (r. 1204-10), and in Turkish it came to be called Antalya. Late in Ihe thirteenth century Antalya fell to the Hamitoğlu Türkmen tribe, vvhose chieftain soon gave it över to his vassal, the emir of the Tekke beylik. The Tekke emirs held Antalya until 1361, when it vvas captured by Peter de Lusignan I, king of Cyprus, vvho kept it until he vvas assassinated eight years later. The city then reverted to the Hamitoğlu, vvho held it until it vvas captured by Murat I in 1387, after vvhich it became a per-manent part of the Ottoman empire.
Like most other tovvns in Anatolia, Antalya had a substantial populalion of non-Muslim minorities in Turkish times, vvith each cthnic or religious group living in its ovvn quarter, as the fourteenth-century Arab traveler Ibn Battuta remarks in his Journal:
From Alaya |Alanya| I vvent to Antaliya, a most bcautiful city. İt covers an immense area, and though of vast bulk is onc of the most atlractive towns to be seen anywhere. besides bcing exceedingly populous and vvell laid out. Each section of the inhabitants lives in a separate quarter. The Christian merehants livc in a qııarter of the lo\vn known as the Mina |the Port|. and are surrounded by a vvall, the gates of vvhich are shut upon them from vvith-out at night and during the Friday service. The Greeks, vvho vvere its former inhabitants, live by themselves in another, and the king and his court and the mamluks in another, each of these quarters being vvalled off likevvise. The rest of the Muslims live in the main city. Round the vvhole tovvn and ali the quarters mentioned there is another great vvall.The tovvn contains many orchards and produces fine fruit, ineluding an admirable kind of apricot, called by them Qamar ad-Din, vvhich has a svveet almond in its kernel. This fruit is dried and exported to Egypt, vvhere it is regardcd as a great luxury.
Ibn Battuta goes on to teli of an cvening he spent in Antalya at a hospice run by the local branch of the Ahi, a Müslim broth-erhood organized by the craft guilds of Anatolia, vvho vvere famous for thcir hospitality:

TURKISH SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION

2009-05-04T14:36:00.000-07:00

Antalya has the most magnifıcent setting of ali the cities on the Mediterranean coast of Turkcy. it stands at the head of the immense gulf that bears its name, vvith the mighty ramparts of Mt. Climax and the olher Lycian mountains looming to the south-vvest, the Taurus range tovvering tier on tier to the north, and the lush subtropical Pamphylian plain vvith its immensely long beaches stretching off tovvards the horizon and Cilicia to thc cast. Looking northward up the Gulf of Antalya tovvard Mt. Climax, vvhose name in Greek means "ladder," Francis Beaufort describes the scene thus in his Karamania, vvhich vvas published in 1818:

From Ihis bay a chain of mountains extends along the shore to the north-ward. Their outline is extremely broken and picturesque, peak rising on peak in succession, as they recede from the shore. These mountains undoubtedly formed the antient Mount Climax, and the analogy is striking between that name and the regular gradations in vvhich they overtop each other.

Antalya vvas originally called Attaleia, after Attalus II of Pergamum (r. 159-138 b.c), founder of the city. Attalus, vvho intended his city to be the main Pergamene port on the Mediterranean coast, enclosed it vvith a circuit of defense vvalls and tovvers that vvere rebuilt in Roman times and stili survive today, though mostly in ruins. Attaleia vvas the principal port of Pamphylia throughout the rest of antiquity and on into the Byzantine era, vvhen it vvas knovvn as Adalia. During the Crusades Adalia often served as a port for the Christian armies that sailed from here to the Levant to avoid the long and difficult march across Asia Minör.

Prime Ministers of the Turkish Republic

2009-01-26T04:07:00.001-08:00

1- Ismet Inonu (1st) (Biography)
Oct 1923 - March 1924

2 - Ismet Inonu (2nd)
March 1924 - Nov 1924

3 - Ali Fethi Okyar
Nov 1924 - March 1925

4 - Ismet Inonu (3rd)
March 1925 - Nov 1927

5 - Ismet Inonu (4th)
Nov 1927 - Sep 1930

6 - Ismet Inonu (5th)
Sep 1930 - May 1931

7 - Ismet Inonu (6th)
May 1931 - March 1935

8 - Ismet Inonu (7th)
March 1935 - Nov 1937

9 - Celal Bayar (1st)
Nov 1937 - Nov 1938

10 - Celal Bayar (2nd)
Nov 1938 - Jan 1939

11 - Dr. Refik Saydam (1st)
Jan 1939 - April 1939

12 - Dr. Refik Saydam (2nd)
April 193 - July 1942

13 - Sukru Saracoglu (1st)
July 1942 - March 1943

14 - Sukru Saracoglu (2nd)
March 1943 - Aug 1946
The Multiparty Era
15 - Recep Peker
Aug 1946 - Sep 1947

16 - Hasan Saka (1st)
Sep 1947 - June 1948

17 - Hasan Saka (2nd)
June 1948 - Jan 1949

18 - Semsettin Gunaltay
Jan 1949 - May 1950

19 - Adnan Menderes (1st) (Biography)
May 1950 - March 1951

20 - Adnan Menderes (2nd)
March 1951 - May 1954

21 - Adnan Menderes (3rd)
May 1954 - Dec 1955

22 - Adnan Menderes (4th)
Dec 1955 - Nov 1957

23 - Adnan Menderes (5th)
Nov 1957 - May 1960

24 - Cemal Gursel (1st) (Biography)
May 1960 - Jan 1961

25 - Cemal Gursel (2nd)
Jan 1961 - Nov 1961

26 - Ismet Inonu (8th) (Biography)
Nov 1961 - June 1962

27 - Ismet Inonu (9th)
June 1962 - Dec 1963

28 - Ismet Inonu (10th)
Dec 1963 - Feb 1965

29 - S. Hayri Urguplu
Feb 1965 - Oct 1965

30 - Suleyman Demirel (1st) (Biography)
Oct 1965 - Nov 1969

31 - Suleyman Demirel (2nd)
Nov 1969 - March 1970

32 - Süleyman Demirel (3rd)
March 1970 - March 1971

33 - Nihat Erim (1st)
March 1971 - Dec 1971

34 - Nihat Erim (2nd)
Dec 1971 - May 1972

35 - Ferit Melen
May 1972 - April 1973

36 - Naim Talu
April 1973 - Jan 1974

37 - Bulent Ecevit (1st) (Biography)
Jan 1974 - Nov 1974

38 - Sadi Irmak
Nov 1974 - March 1975

39 - Suleyman Demirel (4th) (Biography)
March 1975 - June 1977

40 - Bulent Ecevit (2nd)
June 1977 - Jan 1978

41 - Suleyman Demirel (5th)
July 1977 - Jan 1978

42 - Bulent Ecevit (3rd)
Jan 1978 - Nov 1979

43 - Suleyman Demirel (6th)
Nov 1979 - Sep 1980

44 - Bulent Ulusu
Sep 1980 - Dec 1983

45 - Turgut Ozal (1st) (Biography)
Dec 1983 - Dec 1987

46 - Turgut Ozal (2nd)
Dec 1987 - Nov 1989

47 - Yildirim Akbulut
Nov 1989 - June 1991

48 - Mesut Yilmaz (1st) (Biography)
June 1991 - Nov 1991

49 - Suleyman Demirel (7th)
Nov 1991 - May 1993

50 - Tansu Ciller (Biography)
July 1993 - October 1995

51 - Tansu Ciller
October 1995 - November 1995

52 - Tansu Ciller
November 1995 - March 1996

53 - Mesut Yilmaz (2nd) (Biography)
March 1996 - June 1996

54 - Necmettin Erbakan (Biography)
June 1996 - June 1997

55 - Mesut Yilmaz (3rd)
June 1997 - January 1999

56 - Bulent Ecevit (4th) (Biography)
11 January 1999 - 28 May 1999

57 - Bulent Ecevit (5th)
28 May 1999 - 18 November 2002

58 - Abdullah Gul (Biography)
18 November 2002 - 14 March 2003

59 - Recep Tayyip Erdogan (1st) (Biography)
14 March 2003 - 22 July 2007

60 - Recep Tayyip Erdogan (2nd)
22 July 2007 - Today

Turkish National Anthem

2009-01-26T04:06:00.003-08:00

Turkish Flag

Lyrics by M. Akif Ersoy, 1921

Music composed by Zeki Ungor, 1930

Fear not, the crimson flag, waving in these dawns will never fade
Before the last hearth that is burning in my nation vanishes.
That is my nation's star, it will shine;
That is mine, it belongs solely to my nation.

Oh coy crescent do not frown for I am ready to sacrifice myself for you!
Please smile upon my heroic nation, why that anger, why that rage?
If you frown, our blood shed for you will not be worthy.
Freedom is the right of my nation who worships God and seeks what is right.

Click here to listen Listen to the Turkish National Anthem (wav format, 796Kb)

The original Turkish National Anthem (Istiklal Marsi in Turkish), written by M. Akif Ersoy and officially adopted by the Parliament on 12th of March 1921, is composed by 10 verse but only the first two of them are sung during ceremonies. Here is the original Turkish copy below in full (Turkish letters are converted into Latin letters).

Korkma, sonmez bu safaklarda yuzen al sancak
Sonmeden yurdumun ustunde tuten en son ocak.
O benim milletimin yildizidir, parlayacak!
O benimdir, o benim milletimindir ancak!

Catma, kurban olayim, cehreni ey nazli hilal!
Kahraman irkima bir gul... ne bu siddet, bu celal?
Sana olmaz dokulen kanlarimiz sonra helal.
Hakkidir, Hakk'a tapan milletimin istiklal.

Ben ezelden beridir hur yasadim, hur yasarim;
Hangi cilgin bana zincir vuracakmis? Sasarim!
Kukremis sel gibiyim, bendimi cigner, asarim.
Yirtarim daglari, enginlere sigmam, tasarim.

Garbin afakini sarmissa celik zirhli duvar.
Benim iman dolu gogsum gibi serhaddim var.
Ulusun, korkma! Nasil boyle bir imani bogar,
'Medeniyet' dedigin tek disi kalmis canavar?

Arkadas, yurduma alcaklari ugratma sakin;
Siper et govdeni, dursun bu hayasizca akin.
Dogacaktir sana va'dettigi gunler Hakk'in,
Kim bilir, belki yarin, belki yarindan da yakin.

Bastigin yerleri 'toprak' diyerek gecme, tani!
Dusun altindaki binlerce kefensiz yatani.
Sen sehid oglusun, incitme, yaziktir, atani.
Verme, dunyalari alsan da bu cennet vatani.

Kim bu cennet vatanin ugruna olmaz ki feda?
Suheda fiskiracak topragi siksan, suheda!
Cani, canani, butun varimi alsin da Huda,
Etmesin tek vatanimdan beni dunyada cuda.

Ruhumun senden ilahi, sudur ancak emeli:
Degmesin ma' bedimin gogsune na-mahrem eli!
Bu ezanlar ki sehadetleri dinin temeli,
Ebedi yurdumun ustunde benim inlemeli.

O zaman vecd ile bin secde eder varsa tasim.
Her cerihamdan, ilahi, bosanip kanli yasim,
Fiskirir ruh-i mucerred gibi yerden na'sim;
O zaman yukselerek arsa deger belki basim!

Dalgalan sen de safaklar gibi ey sanli hilal!
Olsun artik dokulen kanlarimin hepsi helal.
Ebediyyen sana yok, irkima yok izmihlal;
Hakkidir, hur yasamis, bayragimin hurriyet,
Hakkidir, Hakk'a tapan milletimin istiklal!

Turkish Tax System

2009-01-26T04:06:00.001-08:00

The Turkish tax regime is an important part of the economy and can be divided into 3 main categories:

* Income Taxes, such as Individual Income Tax and Corporate Income Tax
* Taxes on Expenditure, such as Value Added Tax or Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax or Stamp Tax
* Taxes on Wealth, such as Property Tax or Inheritance and Gift Tax

Income Taxes

Income taxes in Turkey are levied upon the income, both domestic and foreign, of individuals and corporations resident in Turkey. Non-residents earning income in Turkey through employment, ownership of property, carrying on a business or other activities providing an income are also subject to taxation, but only on their income derived in Turkey.
Individual Income Tax

The limited tax liability covers trade or business income from a permanent establishment, salaries for work done in Turkey (regardless of where paid or whether or not remitted to Turkey), rental income from real property in Turkey, Turkish derived interest, and income from the sale of patents, copyrights and similar intangible assets. The personal income tax rate varies from 15% to 40%.
Corporate Income Tax

For tax purposes, companies are grouped as limited liability companies (corporations and limited companies) and personal companies (limited and ordinary partnerships). Corporate tax applies to limited liability companies. State economic enterprises and business entities owned by societies, foundations and local authorities are also subject to corporation tax.

Whether a company is subject to full or limited tax liability depends on its status of residence. A company, whose statutory domicile or place of management are established in Turkey (resident company), will have full tax liability; in this case, worldwide income is taxable. If a non-resident company conducts business through a branch or a joint venture, it will have limited tax liability; i.e. fully subject to corporate tax on profits earned in Turkey on an annual basis. If there is no presence in Turkey, withholding tax will generally be charged on income earned; for example, for services provided in Turkey. However, if there is an avoidance of double taxation treaty, reduced rates of withholding tax may apply.

The basic corporate income tax rate levied on business profits is 30% in Turkey, but for 2006 it's planned to take it down to 20%. Dividend withholding tax is also applied in the event of profit being distributed to share holders. For resident corporations, tax is levied on worldwide income, but credit is given for foreign tax payable in respect of income from foreign sources (up to the amount of Turkish corporate income tax, i.e. 30%).

Corporations are required to pay Advance Corporate Income Tax based on their quarterly profits at the rate of 30%. Advance Corporate Income Taxes paid during the tax year are offset against the ultimate Corporate Income Tax liability of the company, which is determined in the related year's Corporate Income Tax return.

Corporate entities having their statutory domicile and place of management outside Turkey, but established in Turkey in the form of a branch are subject to tax on an annual return based on income received from the permanent establishment in Turkey.

From the non-resident's point of view, many payments abroad including those for professional services and technical assistance, royalties and rentals are subject to withholding tax at rates varying between 10% to 25%. In this regard, countries having avoidance of double taxation treaties with Turkey have considerable advantages. Turkey has signed such treaties with 60 countries and the investors of these countries can benefit from a reduction in withholding taxes. Countries with which Turkey has bilateral tax treaty agreements came into force as of April 2005 are as follows:

Albania, Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, China, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Malaysia, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia (but only air transportation activities), Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Syria, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA, Uzbekistan.
Taxes on Expenditure
Value Added Tax (VAT)

The VAT (KDV in Turkish) rates vary between 1% - 18% but it's generally applied as 18%. VAT payable on local purchases and on imports is regarded as "input VAT" and VAT calculated and collected on sales is considered as "output VAT". Input VAT is offset against output VAT in the VAT return filed at the related tax office by the 20th of the following month. If output VAT is in excess of input VAT, the excess amount is paid to the related tax office. On the contrary, if input VAT exceeds the output VAT, the balance is carried forward to the following months to be offset against future output VAT. There is no cash refund to recover excess input VAT, except for exportation.

There is also a so-called reverse charge VAT mechanism, which requires the calculation of VAT by resident companies on payments sent abroad. Under this mechanism, VAT is calculated and paid to the related tax office by the Turkish company on behalf of the foreign company. The local company treats this VAT as input VAT and offsets it in the same month. This VAT does not create a tax burden for the Turkish and the non-resident company, except for its cash flow effect.
Special Consumption Tax

Special Consumption Tax (ÖTV in Turkish) was implemented in August 2002 by abolishing 16 different indirect taxes and funds in order to make the direct taxation system becoming in line with the European Union directives. Unlike VAT, which is applied on each delivery, ÖTV is charged only once. There are mainly 4 different product groups that are subject to ÖTV at different tax rates:

* Petroleum products, natural gas, lubricating oil, solvents and derivatives of solvents
* Automobiles and other vehicles, motorcycles, planes, helicopters, yachts
* Tobacco and tobacco products, alcoholic beverages
* Luxury products

Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax

Banking and Insurance company transactions remain exempt from VAT, but are subject to a Banking and Insurance Transaction Tax of 5%, due on the gains by the banks for their loan interest or transactions for example. The purchase of goods and services by banks and insurance companies are subject to VAT but is considered as an expense or cost for recovery purposes.
Stamp Tax

Stamp duty applies to a wide range of documents, including contracts, agreements, notes payable, capital contributions, letters of credit, letters of guarantee, financial statements and payrolls. Stamp duty is levied as a percentage of the value of the document at rates ranging from 0.15% to 0.75%. In the event of absence of a monetary value on the agreement, Stamp Tax would be calculated on a lump sum basis and paid in New Liras. Stamp Tax is payable by the parties who sign a document. Each and every signed copy of the agreement is separately subject to Stamp Tax.
Taxes on Wealth
Property Tax

Property taxes are paid each year on the tax values of land and buildings at rates varying from 0.1% to 0.6%. In the case of the sale of property, a 1.5% levy is paid on the sales value by both the buyer and the seller. The rate is also applied as 1.5% if the property is contributed as capital-in-kind. The rates are applied twice for property located in the Metropolitan Municipality areas.

Buildings and lands owned in Turkey are subject to real estate tax at the following rates:

* Residences 0.1%
* Other buildings 0.2%
* Land 0.1%
* Vacant land (but allocated for construction purposes) 0.3%
* Farming lands 0%

Inheritance and Gift Tax

Items acquired as gifts or through inheritance are subject to taxes between 1% and 30% of the item's appraised value. Tax paid in a foreign country on inherited property is deducted from the taxable value of the asset. Inheritance tax is payable over the period of three years and in two installments per year.
Withholding Tax

Under the Turkish tax system, certain taxes are collected through withholding by the payers in order to secure the collection of taxes. These include income tax on salaries of employees, lease payments to individual landlords, independent professional service fee payments to resident individuals, and royalty, license and service fee payments to non residents. Companies in Turkey are responsible to withhold such taxes on their payments and declare them through their withholding tax returns.
Environmental Tax

Municipalities are authorized to collect an Environmental Tax as a contribution towards the financing of certain services such as garbage collection. This tax is levied at scheduled fixed amounts that vary according to the location of the house or office. This tax is paid thru water bill of the property by the person who lives or occupies that house or office.

New Turkish Lira law

2009-01-26T04:05:00.000-08:00

LAW ON THE CURRENCY UNIT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

LAW NO:5083

ENACTMENT: 31.01.2004

The currency unit of the Republic of Turkey

The currency unit of the Republic of Turkey is the New Turkish Lira. The hundredth part of the New Turkish Lira is the New Kurus. One New Turkish Lira (NTL) is equivalent to a hundred New Kurus (NKr). The Council of Ministers is empowered to remove the expression of "New" used in the "New Turkish Lira" and the "New Kurus" and to establish the principles on its application. Conversion rate between the Turkish Lira and the New Turkish Lira and rounding off to the New Kurus* Article 2- When the Turkish Lira values are converted into the New Turkish Lira; one million Turkish Lira (1.000.000 TL) shall be equivalent to one New Turkish Lira (1 NTL). On the transaction results and at the payment stages of conversion transactions of the Turkish Lira values to the New Turkish Lira and the transactions to be conducted in terms of the New Turkish Lira, a half New Kurus and the values higher than a half New Kurus shall be rounded off to one New Kurus. The values lower than a half New Kurus shall not be taken into account. Amendment in references to Turkish Lira Article 3- All references made to Turkish Lira or Lira in laws, other legislation, administrative transactions, court decisions, legal transactions, negotiable instruments and other documents that produce legal effects as well as payment and exchange instruments shall be considered to have been made to New Turkish Lira at the conversion rate specified in Article 2. Reproducing and publishing of pictures and images of banknotes Article 4- Reproducing and publishing conditions related to dimension, color, material, resolution, expression to be written on the banknotes and other related conditions for the banknotes currently in circulation, or withdrawn from circulation, or to be put into circulation shall be set by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey and announced in the Official Journal. Persons who fail to comply with the conditions to be announced shall be charged with a heavy fine starting from one billion five hundred million Turkish Lira up to five billion Turkish Lira, unless it related to a more serious crime. Provisions repealed Article 5- The Law No. 3290 on the Mandatory Use of Lira in the Central Government Accounts dated 24 December 1937 has been repealed. Provisional Article 1- The Turkish Lira banknotes and coins that are currently in circulation shall be circulated along with the New Turkish Lira banknotes as well as the new coins to be issued between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2005. The regulations on the concurrent circulation and conversion of these banknotes shall be determined by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, while the regulations on the concurrent circulation and conversion of coins shall be established by the Prime Ministry, the Under secretariat of Treasury. The Minister responsible for the Under secretariat of Treasury shall be entitled to remove the doubts with respect to the execution of the Law hereby and make necessary regulations; the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Under secretariat of Treasury, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, the Capital Market Board, the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency shall be entitled to make regulations in the matters that fall within the scope of their duties. Provisional Article 2- If any and all kinds of legal transactions and documents issued in terms of Turkish Lira producing legal effects are converted into the New Turkish Lira before 31 December 2005 (including that date) by taking the conversion rate into account as stipulated in Article 2 of the Law hereby, transactions and the documents shall be exempt from any and all kinds of tax, duty, fee and other liabilities. Provisional Article 3- Between 01 January 2005 and 31 December 2005, the prices of all goods and services shall be expressed in terms of both the Turkish Lira and the New Turkish Lira on the lists of labels and tariffs to be arranged within the framework of Article 12 of the Law on the Protection of Consumers, No. 4077. Those who do not fulfill this requirement shall be subject to the penalty stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 25 of the Law, No. 4077. Enforcement Article 6- a) Article 4, the second and third paragraphs of provisional Article 1 of this Law shall enter into force on their enactment dates, b) The other Articles shall enter into force on 1 January 2005. Execution Article 7- The provisions of this law shall be executed by the Council of Ministers. GENERAL STATEMENT OF REASONS The inflationary process experienced in Turkish economy in the 1980-2002 period was also reflected in the amount of banknotes in circulation. While the amount of banknotes in circulation (volume of currency issued) stood at TL 278.6 billion on 31 December

1980, it reached TL 7 quadrillion 635 trillion 621,9 billion, increasing by 27,407 times as of 31 December 2002.

As a result of this development, while the need for banknotes in circulation had simply been met by banknotes with denominations varying from 50 Kurus to 1,000 Turkish Lira in the period between 1927 and 1980, new banknotes with larger denominations have made their way into circulation since 1981, driving away those in smaller denominations from circulation, in order to cope with the increasing need for banknotes in circulation. Thus, the composition of Turkish Lira banknotes in circulation consisted of denominations of 250.000, 500.000, 1.000.000, 5.000.000, 10.000.000 and 20.000.000 at the end of 2002.

Consequently, Turkish Lira has ended up in large denominations unprecedented in the world, creating several problems for expressing and writing the figures.

For this reason, removing six zeros from banknotes, adopting a new unit of currency based on a conversion rate, with which one million Turkish Lira equals one New Turkish Lira (1,000,000 TL = 1 NTL), and thus bringing a general simplification in expressing and writing the monetary values and records within the scope of the national economy is considered useful for practical reasons.

The Law has been prepared for this purpose.

THE RATIONALE OF ARTICLES

Article 1- The Article provides that the currency unit of the Republic of Turkey shall be the New Turkish Lira (NTL). The centesimal subdivision of the New Turkish Lira (NTL) is the New Kurus (NKr), and one New Turkish Lira corresponds to a hundred New Kurus. Therefore, it is obvious that the New Turkish Lira should replace the Turkish Lira as a unit of account in keeping the books and records. A look at the worldwide applications reveals that the countries, which have scrapped zeros from their currency unit, have generally renamed their currency unit by placing the expression of "new" before their former currency. Afterwards they have removed this expression returning to their former currency name. The same is true also in Turkey. The New Turkish Lira shall be the new currency unit by scrapping six zeros from the money still in circulation. The Council of Ministers has been authorized to remove the expression of "new" in "New Turkish Lira" and "New Kurus" with the aim of returning to the old currency unit and using the Turkish Lira as a unit of account in books and records again. Article 2- As provided by this Article, the Turkish Lira has been re-named as the New Turkish Lira; six zeros have been removed from the Turkish Lira, and one million Turkish Lira has been equaled to one New Turkish Lira (1.000.000 TL= 1 NTL). The prices of goods and services can be less than one New Kurus and such values can also be expressed with fractions of one New Kurus. By multiplying certain fixed numbers, the values involved in accrual, collection and payment transactions such as taxes, foreign exchange buying and selling may result in less than one New Kurus, or the remainder thereof can be less than one New Kurus. This Article provides that this rounding off operation should be applied not on the unit prices, but on the transaction results and at the payment stage. Payments should be recorded with two digits after comma at the most. The Article also stipulates that due to lack of coins that will allow payments less than a New Kurus on the transaction results and at the payment stages of conversion transactions of the Turkish Lira values to the New Turkish Lira and the transactions to be conducted in terms of the New Turkish Lira, a half New Kurus and the values higher than a half New Kurus shall be rounded off to one New Kurus. The values lower than a half New Kurus shall not be taken into account. Hence, some technical difficulties, such as renewal of numerical data processing electronic devices and computer software have been averted.

Article 3- Relying on the fact that the New Turkish Lira is accepted as the new currency unit, this Article hereby provides that any references to Turkish Lira or Lira in laws and other regulations, in administrative transactions and legal acts, in documents bearing legal effects, or in a broader sense, in any juridical relationship, in instruments of payment and exchange should be deemed to be made to the New Turkish Lira and considered as valid, with a conversion rate of one million Turkish Lira corresponding to one New Turkish Lira (1.000.000 TL= 1 NTL).

The introduction of the New Turkish Lira shall not alter the terms and conditions of juridical relations, and shall not give the right to any of the parties to claim an excuse to alter or cancel a juridical relation unilaterally, in fulfillment of his/her obligation.

Article 4- As there are no penal clauses to be applied in our legislation for unintentional reproducing and publishing of pictures and images of banknotes that might result in counterfeiting, with this Article it has been aimed to eliminate this legal deficiency and harmonize with the legislation of European Union.

As these arrangements might be updated by the European Central Bank, in order to minimize the amendment of this Law, it is envisaged that reproducing and publishing conditions related to dimension, color, material, resolution, expression to be written on the banknotes and other related conditions for the banknotes currently in circulation, or withdrawn from circulation, or to be put into circulation shall be set by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey and announced in the Official Journal. It is also envisaged that persons who fail to comply with the conditions to be announced shall be subject to punishment.

Article 5- As the Article provides that the New Turkish Lira shall be the currency unit of the Republic of Turkey, the Law No. 3290 on the Mandatory Use of Lira in the Central Government Accounts dated 24 December 1937 has been repealed. Provisional Article 1- With this Article, in view of experiences of other countries, it is envisaged that Turkish Lira banknotes and coins should remain in circulation along with the New Turkish Lira banknotes and coins for one year at maximum between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2005 to allow sufficient time to elapse before the replacement of the old currency unit with the new one, to avoid adverse effects on the credibility of the new currency, and to allow smooth monitoring of both currency units. It is decided that principles related to dual circulation and replacement of banknotes shall be determined by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey whereas principles related to dual circulation and replacement of coins shall be determined by the Under secretariat of the Treasury. Moreover, in order to avoid a legal gap in the transition period of this Law, the Minister responsible for the Under secretariat of Treasury shall be entitled to remove the doubts with respect to the execution of the Law hereby and make necessary regulations; the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Under secretariat of Treasury, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, the Capital Market Board, the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency shall be authorized to make regulations in the matters that fall within the scope of their duties. According to Article 37 of the Law on the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey No. 1211, dated 14 January 1970, the legal circulation period of Turkish lira banknotes to be withdrawn from circulation shall be ten years beginning from 1 January 2006. Provisional Article 2- With this Article, it is decided that parties will be exempt from taxes, fees, charges and other liabilities arising from all kinds of legal acts, negotiable instruments and documents issued in terms of Turkish Lira producing legal effects into the New Turkish Lira before 31 December 2005 (including that date) by taking the conversion rate into account as stipulated in Article 2 of the Law hereby. Provisional Article 3- With this article, it is required that the prices of all goods and services shall be expressed in terms of both Turkish Lira and New Turkish Lira starting from 01 January 2005, when the New Turkish Lira will be put into circulation, until 31 December 2005, which is the deadline of dual circulation of banknotes and coins of Turkish Lira and New Turkish Lira, on the lists of labels and tariffs to be arranged within the framework of Article 12 of the Law on the Protection of Consumers, dated 23 February 1995 and No. 4077. It is decided that those who do not fulfill this requirement should be subject to the penalty stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 25 of the same Law.

Article 6- With this article, it is envisaged that Article 4, the second and third paragraphs of provisional Article 1 of this Law should enter into force on the enactment date, while the other Articles should enter into force on 1 January 2005, in order to facilitate the preparatory and regulatory works to be done by the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Under secretariat of Treasury, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, the Capital Market Board and the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency for transition to the New Turkish Lira, as well as to avoid any problem in keeping the books and records. Article 7- This articles refers to the execution of this Law.

New Turkish Lira

2009-01-26T04:04:00.004-08:00

As of 1st of January 2005, six zeroes have been deleted from our currency and YTL (New Turkish Lira) became the new currency unit of Turkey, so we started using the New Turkish Lira and the New Kurus (cent). The Law for YTL #5083 was published in the Official Gazette dated 31 January 2004.

The composition of denominations for YTL banknotes are; 1,5,10,20,50,100, and denominations for coins are 1,5,10,25,50 New Cent and 1 YTL. The sub-unit of YTL is YKr (Yeni Kurus) and 1 YTL = 100 YKr.

While determining the name of the new currency unit, the expression of "Lira", which is t

he unique currency unit traditionally used throughout the Republican period after the War of Independence and identified with Turkey in international markets, has been preserved. Many countries that dropped zeros from their currency units opted for adding the adjecti

ve "new" before the name of their currency units in order to facilitate the transition and omitted the word "new" after a while. 49 countries so far removed zeros from their currency; Brazil deleted 18 zeros in 6 operations, Argentina 13 zeros in 4 operations, Israel 9 zeros in 4 operations, Poland 4 zeros in 1 operation, Greece 3 zeros in 1 operation. Etc.

The facts that urged transition to a new currency unit stand as proof of the importance of the issue.

The high inflationary process, which started in 1970s, obliged expression of economic values in terms of billions, trillions and even quadrillions. In this process, the cash demand of economy was met by new banknotes in larger denominations that were put into circulation almost every two years since 1981. As a result of this process, Turkey was currently the only country where the highest denominated banknotes (20million TL banknote) were circulated. This fact was not only undermine the reputation of our currency but also adversely affected the currency's functions as a medium of exchange and store of value. Also, figures with many zeros lead to problems in accounting and statistical records, IT, payment systems and transactions at the cashiers office.

Removing six zeros from the currency coupled with the ongoing efforts to driving inflation down to single digit numbers is a very important step from the point of its effects on the reputation of the currency. Meanwhile, deleting zeros from the currency will eliminate the technical as well as operational problems arising form the use of figures with multiple zeros. Therefore monetary expressions will be simplified and taking records and making transactions will become easier.

In sum, changeover to New Turkish Lira was necessary both for the prospective positive effects on the currency's reputation and for technical reasons. The New Turkish Lira is also symbol and

evidence of Turkey's determination to drive down inflation. With the transition to YTL on 01.01.2005, both TL and YTL stayed in circulation for one year. People were able to use both types of money as they did their shopping. Meanwhile, since both currencies stayed in circulation through 2005, it was a legal obligation to show the prices of goods and services both as TL and YTL on price tags and lists until 2006. Now only YTL is in circulation. Old banknotes and coins currently in circulation will be withdrawn as of 01.01.2006. However, for 10 years, these TL banknotes will be exchanged by the Branches of the Central Bank. Ziraat (Agriculture) Bank will carry out this task at cities where Central Bank does not have branches. At the second stage of the operation the expression "Yeni" (New) is removed and the use of

the expression "TL" is resumed as of 1st of January 2009. Now there is also a new paper bill of 200 TL.

Turkish Economy

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Turkey is a dynamic emerging market equipped with a network of developed infrastructure and a globally competitive work force. Its unique position at the crossroads of the world trade routes and its proximity to the developing energy producing regions in the Caspian and Central Asia are factors that further raise its potential for the coming years.

Turkey's civilian labor force is 24.3 million people as of end of 2004. Agricultural sector still employs around 1/3 of the labor force although share of agriculture in GNP is just above 10%. Nearly half of the employed are in the services sector and the ratio employed in the industrial sector is 18%.The unemployment rate of the country is around 9.7%.

Current account deficit almost doubled in 2004 and reached USD 15.6 billion USD corresponding to a historical high of 5.2% of GNP. In 2004, foreign trade deficit was 23.9 billion USD widening 84% compared to the previous year. Thus, the main factor in the rise of the current account deficit was the increase in imports and deteriorating trade balance. Growing economy activity fuelled imports through capital and intermediate goods imports. Exports were also strong however they increased at a lower pace compared to imports. Tourism revenues helped compensating by generating a revenue over 15 billion USD. In the capital and financial accounts, 16.8 billion USD inflow was recorded. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) remained still at an insignificant level of 2.6 billion USD against the 1.7 billion USD in 2003. Current account deficit was financed mainly by portfolio investments amounting to 8.1 billion USD.

Main economic indicators in Turkey have been recovering and stability has been achieved in many areas especially in the last two years. Structural reforms within the framework of the IMF program, EU Harmonization Laws and sector regulations along with improvements in the investment environment have provided a more favorable business environment. The new Turkish Lira (6 zeros removed) has been launched as of the beginning of 2005. This is expected to further contribute to the monetary stability.

As a consequence of the customs union with the EU since 1995 and the ongoing EU pre-accession process and IMF (International Monetary Fund) Stand-by Agreement, the economic legislative environment is in progressive alignment with the main policies and standards of the EU.

The resolute implementation of the economic program not only heals the short-term imbalances in the economy, but also rapidly improves the business environment via constructing a sound premise for sustainable growth. Turkish economy has recorded a very high growth rate in 2004 with GNP increasing 9.9% and GDP 8.9%. Per capita GNP has increased from 3,383 USD in 2003 to 4,172 USD in 2004 while PPP adjusted GNP has reached to 7,736 USD.

GNP: 460 billion Euro (PPP) (+ by far the highest volume of unregistered economy among the OECD countries)
GNP growth rate: +6.3 in 2000, -9.5 in 2001, +7.9% in 2002, +5.9% in 2003, +9.9 in 2004
Major trade partners: EU: 52% (Turkey is the EU's 7th partner) USA: 8% Russia: 9%
Turkey's exports to the EU25 - 2003: 23.3 billion Euro
Turkey's imports from the EU25 - 2003: 28.3 billion Euro
Trade deficit with the EU25 - 2003: 5 billion Euro
6311 foreign investment companies operate in Turkey
Approximately one third of Turkey's banks are foreign
Turkish direct investments in 50 countries amount to 50 billion Euro
Industrial production: 25% of the GNP (services: 60%; agriculture: 11.5%)
Industrial goods: 89% of the exports clothing, automotive, textile, electronics, home appliances, steel, glass, etc.
Manufacturing industry gained a 79.3% increase in 2004 particularly in office and computing machinery
Motor vehicles grow at a rate of 53.3% in 2004

Turkey, in the World, is the:
16th largest economy
6th cement producer
2nd flat glass producer
6th clothing exporter

Turkey, in the Europe, is the:
1st artificial fertilizer producer
7th iron and steel producer
largest emerging market

Bilateral Free Trade Agreements

Under the Customs Union (CU), Turkey is applying the same common commercial policy measures with the European Union. Together with the Common Customs Tariff, the preferential trade regime constitutes the most important part of the trade policy applied towards third countries. Article 16 of the Turkey � EU Association Council Decision No. 1/95 dated 6 March 1995 and its Annex 10 set the rules and modalities of the alignment, where it is provided that Turkey will take the necessary measures and negotiate agreements on a mutually advantageous basis with the countries concerned.

Taking into account its responsibilities stemming from the CU and its commercial priorities, Turkey concluded 19 preferential trade agreements until today. Currently, only 9 of these preferential agreements are in force: EFTA, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina Palestine and Tunisia.

The Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and the EFTA States, which entered into force in April 1992, was the first step on the way to the adoption of the preferential regimes of the EU even before the entry into force of the CU. During the period between 1996 � 2000, priority was given to the countries in Europe that were not then the members of the EU. FTAs were signed with Lithuania, Hungary, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia and Latvia. When they became member of the EU in May 2004, the FTAs with these countries ceased to apply. The FTAs signed with Israel, Romania and Bulgaria entered into force in May 1997, February 1998 and January 1999 respectively.

Balkans was another priority area for Turkey. FTA with Macedonia entered into force in September 2000. It was followed by the entry into force of FTAs with Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in July 2003. With the impetus of the Barcelona Process, the Mediterranean Basin gained importance in Turkey's priority list. In 2004 FTAs was signed with Tunisia and Palestine. The Association Agreements establishing Free Trade Areas with Tunisia and Syria were concluded in the same year. Preferential Agreements signed with Palestine and Tunisia are in force as of 1 June 2005 and 1 July 2005 respectively.

Turkey continues to negotiate FTAs with Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Faeroe Islands, Albania, South Africa and Mexico.

Free Trade Zones

Free Zones are defined as special sites within the country but deemed to be outside of the customs territory and they are the regions where the valid regulations related to foreign trade and other financial and economic areas are not applicable, are partly applicable or new regulations are tested in. Free Zones are also the regions where more convenient business climate is offered in order to increase trade volume and export for some industrial and commercial activities as compared to the other parts of country.

In general all kind of activities can be performed in Turkish Free Zones such as manufacturing, storing, packing, general trading, banking and insurance. Investors are free to construct their own premises, while zones have also available office spaces, workshops, or warehouses on rental basis with attractive terms. All field of activities open to Turkish private sector are also open to joint-venture of foreign companies.

Turkish Free Zones are tax free zones. Income generated through activities in the Zones are exempted from all kinds of taxes including income, corporate and value-added tax. Free Zones earnings and revenues can be transferred to any country, including Turkey, freely without any prior permission and are not subject to any kind of taxes, duties and fees. Currencies used in the zone are convertible foreign currencies accepted by the Central Bank of Turkey.

The validity period of an operation license is maximum 10 years for tenant users, and 20 years for users who wish to make their own offices in the zone; If the operating license is for production, these terms are 15 and 30 years for tenant users and investors, respectively. The requested operation license period can be prolonged to 99 years according to the type of investment. There is no limitation on the proportion of foreign capital participation in investment within the Free Zones.

In contrary to most Free Zones of the world, sales into the domestic market are allowed in Turkish Free Zones (sales to the domestic market is subject to a fee of 0.5 % of the transaction value). Infrastructure of the Turkish Free Zones is comparable with international standards. Red tape and bureaucracy have been minimized during application and operation phases by authorizing only one agency in charge of these procedures. There is no procedural restrictions regarding price, standards or quality of goods in the Turkish Free Zones.

The geographical location of Turkey provides significant advantages to the Turkish Free Zones. They are usually adjacent to the major Turkish Ports on the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas. In addition, they were established within easy access from international airports and highways. These are:

* Adana-Yumurtalik Free Zone (Ceyhan-Adana) 1999
* Aegean Free Zone (Gaziemir-Izmir) 1990
* Antalya Free Zone (New Port-Antalya) 1987
* Bursa Free Zone (Gemlik-Bursa) 2001
* Denizli Free Zone (Cardak-Denizli) 2001
* Eastern Anatolian Free Zone (Fair area-Erzurum) 1995
* European Free Zone (Corlu-Tekirdag) 1999
* Gaziantep Free Zone (Baspinar-Gaziantep) 1999
* Istanbul Ataturk Airport Free Zone (Yesilkoy-Istanbul) 1990
* Istanbul Leather and Industry Free Zone (Tuzla-Istanbul) 1995
* Istanbul Stock Exchange Free Zone (Emirgan-Istanbul) 1997
* Istanbul Thrace Free Zone (Catalca-Istanbul) 1998
* Izmir Menemen Free Zone (Menemen-Izmir) 1998
* Kayseri Free Zone (Kayseri) 1998
* Kocaeli Free Zone (Golcuk-Kocaeli) 2001
* Mardin Free Zone (Mardin) 1995
* Mersin Free Zone (Mersin) 1987
* Rize Free Zone (Rize) 1998
* Samsun Free Zone (Port-Samsun) 1998
* Trabzon Free Zone (Port-Trabzon) 1992
* Tubitak Marmara Research Center Technology Free Zone (Gebze-Kocaeli) 2002

Banks in Turkey

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The banking sector forms a great part of the Turkish financial system in its dynamic economy. Most of the transactions and activities of money and capital markets are carried out by banks. Most State banks were established to finance a particular industry such as agriculture for example (Ziraat Bank), but private banks generally have close connections to large industrial groups and holdings.

First banking activities started in early 1800s with the so-called money-changers and the Galata bankers. During this period, all quasi-banking activities were carried out by money-changers, and The Galata bankers consisted mostly of the ethnic-minorities in Istanbul. With the deterioration of the Ottoman Empires' financial situation after the Crimean war, the Empire needed external financial support. It was during this period when representatives of several foreign banks came to Istanbul with the purpose of extending credits to the Empire at high interest rates. The Ottoman Bank (Osmanli Bankasi) was established in 1856 with its head office in London and served as the Central Bank until the 1930s.

The Central Bank, founded in the early 1930s, has the usual central bank responsibilities, such as issuing banknotes, protecting the currency, and regulating the banking system and credit. The Central Bank also finances the government's budget deficits and makes loans to public and private banks. But after 1983 the Central Bank began to reduce lending and stepped up its supervisory functions.

Before 1980 there were only 4 foreign banks in Turkey, but their number grew rapidly during the 1980s as the Turgut Ozal government liberalized conditions and today there are almost 50 of them. During these years a series of reforms were adopted to promote financial market development; interest and foreign exchange rates were liberalized, new entrants to the banking system were permitted and foreign banks were encouraged to operate in Turkey.

All banks in Turkey are subject to the Banks Act and to the provisions of other laws regarding to banks. The new Law brought the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA, or Turkish BDDK) into life to safeguard the rights and benefits of depositors. The Banks Association of Turkey (BAT, or Turkish TBB) is the representative body of the banking sector in Turkey established for protecting and promoting the professional interests of its members.

As of January 2008, there are a total of 46 banks operating with 7480 branches in Turkey and 50 branches abroad.

Education System in Turkey

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Schools

* Pre-school
* Elementary
* High school
* University
* Foreign students
* University links

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, every citizen has the right to education which is free of charge for the compulsory primary education. Except in specially licensed and foreign institutions, Turkish must be taught as the mother tongue.

The Ministry of National Education (MEB) runs educational administration of the country and is responsible for drawing up curricula, coordinating the work of official, private and voluntary organizations, designing and building schools, developing educational materials and so on. The Supreme Council of National Education discusses and decides on curricula and regulations prepared by the Ministry. In the provinces, educational affairs are organized by the Directorates of National Education appointed by the Minister, but working under the direction of the provincial governor.

The central government is responsible for all educational expenses of the public, about 10% of the general budget is allocated for national education.

The academic calendar generally begins in late September and extends through to early June, with some variations between urban and rural areas. The school day usually have a morning and an afternoon session, but in overcrowded schools there is a split session. Schools are in session for five days a week (Monday to Friday) in a total of 35-40 hours. There is a two week winter break in February. Universities usually organize the academic year into two semesters, usually between October - January and between February/March - June/July.

The Turkish National Educational System is composed of two main sections: Formal Education and Non-formal Education.
Formal Education

Formal education is the regular education of individuals in a certain age group and given in schools. This includes Pre-Primary education, Primary education, Secondary education and Higher education institutions.
Pre-Primary education

Pre-Primary education is an optional education for children between 3-6 years of age who are under the age of compulsory primary education. The purpose of this education is to ensure physical, mental and sensory development of children and the acquisition of good habits, to prepare children for primary education, to create a common atmosphere of growth for those living in inconvenient circumstances and to ensure that Turkish is spoken correct and well. Pre-school education is given in kindergartens, daycare homes, nursery classes in primary schools, and in private nurseries, all under the supervision of the Ministry. They are usually concentrated in larger towns and cities.
Primary Education

With a new Law in 1997, eight years of Primary school is compulsory today (former system was five years of compulsory primary school, followed by three years of middle or junior high school education). Primary education is compulsory for all boys and girls at the age of 6, and is given free of charge in public schools. These schools provide eight years of uninterrupted education. There are also private (and paid) schools under State control. In most of the primary schools, foreign language lessons start from 4th class. Most elementary school students dress similarly in a type of uniform to avoid any social class differences between rich and poor students. If the children fails to pass the class, he/she has to repeat the same class next year. At the end of 8 years, successful students get their Diploma and can go for the Secondary education.

The purpose of primary education is to ensure that every child acquires the basic knowledge, skills, behaviors, and habits to become a good citizen, is raised in line with the national moral concepts and is prepared for life and for the next education level parallel to his/her interests and skills.
Secondary Education

Secondary education covers general, vocational and technical high schools (Lycees, Lise in Turkish) that provide four years of education (used to be 3 years until 2005).

* General high schools prepare students for higher learning institutions. Some of the secondary schools and the private secondary schools have foreign language preparatory classes. This kind of private lycees have double language education (such as Italian Highschool, German Highschool, Austrian Highschool, French Highschool, and so on).
* Vocational and technical high schools provide specialized instruction with the aim of training qualified personnel.
o Technical lycees include special formations such as electricity, electronics, chemistry, machinery, motors, building, etc.
o Vocational lycees can be Industrial Vocational Lycees; Girls' Vocational Lycees (home economics etc.), Public Health Vocational Lycees, Commercial Vocational Lycees, Agricultural Vocational Lycees, Meteorology Vocational Lycees, Animal Husbandry Vocational Lycees, Land Registration and Cadastre Vocational Lycees, etc.

The purpose of secondary education is to give students a minimum common culture, to identify individual and social problems, to search for solutions, to raise awareness in order to contribute to the socio-economic and cultural development of the country and to prepare the students for higher education, for profession, for life and for business in line with their interests and skills.

In addition to normal high schools, there are also evening high schools usually operating in the same school building. These are designed to allow those who take up employment after primary (or middle school) to continue their formal education.

Most of the high schools are owned by the State and provide free educational opportunities. In order to provide equal opportunities for the children with limited finances, there are State high schools with boarding facilities. These schools are free of charge and the students are placed according to the results of an examination.

Graduates of the high schools can attend universities if they can pass admission exams.
Higher Education

Turkish universities are Republican institutions, following Atatürk's principles. Universities, faculties, institutes, higher education schools, conservatories, vocational higher education schools, police and military academies and colleges, and application-research centers are considered as Higher Education institutions.

Universities, faculties and institutes of four-year higher education schools are founded by Law, while the two-year vocational schools, departments and divisions are established by the Council of Higher Education (YÖK). Universities are under the supervision of this Council and their programmes must be regularly accredited. The Council of Higher Education is a fully autonomous national board of trustees without any political or government affiliation. Universities have their rectors, deans, senate, and administrative boards, as well as student councils. In the universities, the instruction is generally in Turkish. Some universities use English, French and German as the language of instruction with one preparatory year if necessary.

After the highschool, the graduates enter an one-stage examination (ÖSS - Student Selection Examination) in order to be admitted to Higher Education institutions. This nation-wide centralized examination is administrated by the Student Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM) every year, which determines candidates for the enrollment of each university and faculty after evaluating the grades of related subjects, their high school average results and their preferences according to the student capacity of each faculty. Those with good grades are qualified for the four-year undergraduate programmes and at the end they can get a Bachelor's Degree (BA), those who have grades at the limit can be admitted to the two-year higher education programmes and at the end they can get an Associate's Degree (AA). Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine courses last for five years and Medicine for six years.

After a four-year faculty, one can go further for his/her Master's Degree which lasts for two years with thesis and non-thesis options. Access to doctoral programs requires a master's degree and have a duration of minimum four years with a doctoral thesis at the end. The graduates of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Dentistry can directly apply to PhD/Doctorate programmes.

The purpose of higher education is to raise the students in line with their interests and skills, in conformance to the science policy of the country and in consideration of qualified manpower needs of society at several levels, to do researches in scientific areas, to arrange for all kinds of publications that show the research and examination results and facilitate advancement of science and technology, to finalize the researches and examinations demanded by the government and to make comments, to make written or oral public announcements explaining the scientific data that shall increase the general level of Turkish society and enlighten the public, and to give non-formal education.

According to the Law, higher education institutions are responsible for the training of their own academic staff. Meanwhile, Primary and Secondary school teachers are trained in universities for 4 years and they get a BA degree at the end.

The major source of income of state universities is the funds allocated through the annual State budget, this is equivalent of about 60% of the total university income. In addition to this, a university can generate its own income from the services provided by that university, such as patient care in university hospitals. Student contributions to state universities form only 4% of the total university budget. Meanwhile, the student fees in private foundation (Vakif) universities are much higher.

At present, enrolment in the private universities accounts for only 5% of the total. Clearly, state universities are by far carrying the major portion of the load of higher education in Turkey.
Non-Formal Education

Non-formal education in Turkey is offered by a network of training centers who are supervised by the Ministry of National Education (MEB). Non-formal education services aim to teach reading-writing, help to continue education of students for finish their incomplete education, teach balanced nutrition and a healthy life style, teach people from various professions the knowledge and skills they need to improve themselves, and so on.

There is also Distance Higher Education which is offered at the Open Education Faculty of Anadolu University. This program lasts for 2 or 4 years.
Foreign Students Admission

Foreign students would like to enroll in the post-graduate programs of the Turkish institutions of higher education can apply directly to universities and must have completed their secondary education in a high school in which the education is equivalent to that of a Turkish lycee; they need to have it confirmed from a Turkish Embassy in their country and apply for a student visa. The applications of foreign students will be considered by the universities within their limit of the allocated places for foreigners. The students must also take the Foreign Student Entrance Examination (YÖS) which consists of two tests; a "basic learning skills test" where they must score at least 40, and a "Turkish language proficiency test" to see their Turkish language level, if any. Language courses are organized for those who do not speak Turkish, and in some Turkish universities courses are taught in English, French or German.

Foreign students must take the Graduate Education Entrance Examination or an international examination (GRE, GMAT, SAT, etc.) required by each university, the equivalency of which is recognized by the concerning university senate. The evaluation of the results of these examinations is carried out by the concerning universities.

Turkish University Links

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Universities

* State Universities
* Private Universities
* Professional
* Military Schools
* in Cyprus
* Special Status
* Foreign students

Here you can find external links to all of the universities and other higher education institutions in Turkey. For a complete information on the Turkish education system, please Click Here.

Foreign students who wish to enroll to a Turkish university, can check this information out first and then apply to the university directly.
State Universities
Abant Izzet Baysal University (Bolu)
Adiyaman University (Adiyaman)
Adnan Menderes University (Aydin)
Afyon Kocatepe University (Afyon)
Agri Ibrahim Cecen University (Agri) NOT OPENED YET
Ahi Evran University (Kirsehir)
Akdeniz (Mediterranean) University (Antalya)
Aksaray University (Aksaray)
Amasya University (Amasya)
Anadolu (Anatolia) University (Eskisehir)
Ankara University (Ankara)
Artvin Coruh University (Artvin) NOT OPENED YET
Ardahan University (Ardahan) NOT OPENED YET
Ataturk University (Erzurum)
Balikesir University (Balikesir)
Batman University (Batman) NOT OPENED YET
Bilecik University (Bilecik) NOT OPENED YET
Bingol University (Bingol) NOT OPENED YET
Bitlis Eren University (Bitlis) NOT OPENED YET
Bogazici (Bosphorus) University (Istanbul)
Bartin University (Bartin) NOT OPENED YET
Bayburt University (Bayburt) NOT OPENED YET
Bozok University (Yozgat)
Celal Bayar University (Manisa)
Cumhuriyet (Republic) University (Sivas)
Canakkale Onsekiz Mart (18th March) University (Canakkale)
Cankiri Karatekin University (Cankiri) NOT OPENED YET
Cukurova University (Adana)
Dicle (Tigris) University (Diyarbakir)
Dokuz Eylul (9th September) University (Izmir)
Dumlupinar University (Kutahya)
Duzce University (Duzce)
Ege (Aegean) University (Izmir)
Erciyes University (Kayseri)
Erzincan University (Erzincan)
Eskisehir Osmangazi University (Eskisehir)
Firat (Euphrates) University (Elazig)
Galatasaray University (Istanbul)
Gazi University (Ankara)
Gaziantep University (Gaziantep)
Gaziosmanpasa University (Tokat)
Gebze High Technology Institute (Kocaeli)
Giresun University (Giresun)
Gumushane University (Gumushane) NOT OPENED YET
Hacettepe University (Ankara)
Hakkari University (Hakkari) NOT OPENED YET
Harran University (Sanliurfa)
Hitit (Hittite) University (Corum)
Igdir University (Igdir) NOT OPENED YET
Inonu University (Malatya)
Istanbul University (Istanbul)
Istanbul Technical University (Istanbul)
Izmir High Technology Institute (Izmir)
Kafkas University (Kars)
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University (Kahramanmaras)
Karabuk University (Karabuk)
Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University (Karaman)
Karadeniz (Black sea) Technical University (Trabzon)
Kastamonu University (Kastamonu)
Kirikkale University (Kirikkale)
Kirklareli University (Kirklareli)
Kilis 7 Aralik (September 7th) University (Kilis)
Kocaeli University (Kocaeli)
Mardin Artuklu University (Mardin) NOT OPENED YET
Marmara University (Istanbul)
Mehmet Akif Ersoy University (Burdur)
Mersin University (Mersin)
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University (Istanbul)
Mugla University (Mugla)
Mustafa Kemal University (Antakya)
Mus Alparslan University (Mus)
Namik Kemal University (Tekirdag)
Nevsehir University (Nevsehir)
Nigde University (Nigde)
Ondokuz Mayis (19th May) University (Samsun)
Ordu University (Ordu)
Orta Dogu (Middle East) Technical University (Ankara)
Osmangazi University (Eskisehir)
Osmaniye Korkut Ata University (Osmaniye)
Pamukkale University (Denizli)
Rize University (Rize)
Sakarya University (Sakarya)
Selcuk University (Konya)
Siirt University (Siirt)
Sinop University (Sinop)
Suleyman Demirel University (Isparta)
Sirnak University (Sirnak) NOT OPENED YET
Trakya (Thrace) University (Edirne)
Tunceli University (Tunceli) NOT OPENED YET
Uludag University (Bursa)
Usak University (Usak)
Yildiz Technical University (Istanbul)
Yuzuncu Yil (100th Year) University (Van)
Zonguldak Karaelmas (Black Diamond) University (Zonguldak)

Private Non-profit Foundation (Vakif) Universities
Acibadem University (Istanbul) NOT OPENED YET
Atilim University (Ankara)
Bahcesehir University (Istanbul)
Baskent (Capitol) University (Ankara)
Beykent University (Istanbul)
Bilkent University (Ankara)
Cag (Century) University (Mersin)
Cankaya University (Ankara)
Dogus University (Istanbul)
Halic (Golden Horn) University (Istanbul)
Fatih (Conqueror) University (Istanbul)
Isik (Light) University (Istanbul)
Istanbul Arel University (Istanbul)
Istanbul Aydin University (Istanbul)
Istanbul Bilgi (Knowledge) University (Istanbul)
Istanbul Bilim (Science) University (Istanbul)
Istanbul Kemerburgaz University (Istanbul) NOT OPENED YET
Istanbul Kultur (Culture) University (Istanbul)
Istanbul Sehir (City) University (Istanbul) NOT OPENED YET
Istanbul Ticaret (Commerce) University (Istanbul)
Izmir Ekonomi (Economy) University (Izmir)
Izmir University (Izmir) NOT OPENED YET
Kadir Has University (Istanbul)
Koc University (Istanbul)
Maltepe University (Istanbul)
Okan University (Istanbul)
Ozyegin University (Istanbul)
Piri Reis University (Istanbul) NOT OPENED YET
Sabanci University (Istanbul)
TOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji (Economy & Technology) University (Ankara)
Ufuk (Horizon) University (Ankara)
Yasar University (Izmir)
Yeditepe (Seven Hills) University (Istanbul)

Vakif Professional Higher Education
Kapadokya (Cappadocia) Profession High school (Nevsehir)

Police & Military Institutions Higher Education
Gulhane Military Tip (Medicine) Academy (Ankara)
Hava Harp (Air Force) High school Command (Istanbul)
Hava (Air Force) Astsubay (NCO) Profession High school (Izmir)
Kara Harp (Army) High school Command (Ankara)
Deniz Harp (Navy) High school Command (Istanbul)
Polis (Police) Academy (Ankara)

Universities in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (KKTC)
Dogu Akdeniz (Eastern Mediterranean) University (Famagusta - Cyprus)
Girne American University (Kyrenia - Cyprus)
Lefke Avrupa (European) University (Lefke - Cyprus)
Uluslararasi Kibris (International Cyprus) University (Nicosia - Cyprus)
Yakindogu (Near East) University (Nicosia - Cyprus)

Special Status State Universities
Ahmet Yesevi Turkish Kazak University (Ankara)
Kyrgyzstan Turkey Manas University (Bishkek - Kyrgyzstan)

Source: The Council of Turkish Higher Education (YOK)

Agriculture in Turkey

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Agriculture is still the occupation of the majority of Turkish people, despite the share of industry and services are raising constantly. Turkey is one of the few self-sufficient countries in the world in terms of food. Turkey's fertile soil, adeguate climate, and abundant rainfall permit growing almost any kinds of crops. The farming is conducted in all of the regions in Turkey, but it's less practiced in the mountainous eastern regions where the main activity is based on animal husbandry which has a share of one-fourth of the gross value of the total agricultural production.

In terms of agricultural lands, Turkey is also one of the largest countries in the world. About 35.5% of the country are arable lands and 15% consists of forests. The cultivated land is around 26.5 million hectares as per 2004. Around 18.4% of the cultivated land is irrigated. Vegetable products account for 76% of total agricultural production, then animal husbandary, meanwhile forestry and fishing contribute a minimal amount. Fruits and field crops make up the most of vegetable products, wheat being the leading crop. As per the figures of 2003, Turkey is the world�s biggest producer of hazelnuts, figs, apricots and raisins, the 4th biggest producer of fresh vegetables and grapes, the 6th biggest producer of tobacco, the 8th biggest producer of wheat, and the 10th biggest producer of cotton. Tea is also large produced and exported. These numbers are more or less the same for 2007.

The rapid industrialization of Turkey after 1930's and government policies caused agriculture's share to decline in overall income. The share of the agricultural sector in the GNP was almost 50% in 1950, 25% in 1980, 15.3% in 1990, and 11% in 2005. This caused the fall of economic standards of the farmers and contributed to emigration from rural to urban areas. But in 1990's, the State encouraged the farmers to adopt modern techniques with the mechanization and has provided infrastructural conveniences for irrigation and cultivation contributing to the development of the agricultural sector. The most important of these projects is the Southeast Anatolia Project (GAP).

Despite agriculture's relative decline in the last 30 years, the sector still plays an important role in foreign trade. Turkey exports many agricultural products such as cereals, pulses, industrial crops, sugar, nuts, fresh and dried fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and livestock products. The main export markets are the European Union, the United States, and the Middle East. Around 32% of total employment in Turkey is in agriculture sector, and total exports of agricultural products passes 8 billion USD (as of 2005).

The agricultural sector is currently undergoing a restructuring process in order to achieve harmonization with the EU regulations. Turkish farmers enrolled in the Farmer Registry System receive Direct Income Supports from the government, a premium system is practiced, and they receive chemical fertilizer support and diesel fuel support, as well as training for the latest agricultural techniques. The Agricultural Bank of Turkey (Ziraat Bankasi) provides most loans to farmers and cooperatives, much of the World Bank's lending for agricultural projects in Turkey is channeled through this bank.
Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry is an important part of Turkey's agricultural sector and economy. The share of animal husbandry in the total agricultural output is around 25%. The number of cattle totals approximately 10 million and sheep around 25 million, they are kept mainly on the grazing lands of Anatolia. Wool is a significant export of Turkey, which is also used internally for making world-famous Turkish carpets.
Poultry production expanded rapidly after 1980's, Turkey has reached the level of developed nations in this sector: it's the world's 20th biggest poultry meat producer with 950,000 tons of poultry meat (as of 2005). Meanwhile, annual chick production in the country reaches 640 million, including 40 million for egg production.

Today, animal husbandry receives state support; artificial insemination, breeding, apiculture, fish farming, fodder and milk production are mainly supported.
Fishery

Despite Turkey's long coastline and large freshwater bodies, fishing is an underdeveloped industry compared to other sectors. The annual catch is a little bit over 400,000 tons for the sea fish and around 50,000 from fresh water. The Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, The Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean constitute the main fishing grounds. After 1990's, the fish farms were supported by the state and their numbers have grown. Today, Frogs' legs, snails, shrimp, and crayfish are some of the sea products exported. In 2007, it's estimated that the sea products export will be around 131 million USD, around 90% of this to the European Union.

As for the fish consumption, Turkey is also behind the world average: Turkish people eat 8 kilograms (17,6 pounds) of fish per capita per year, meanwhile the world average is around 16 kilograms and the EU average is around 22 kilograms per person.

Canadian Dollar Slid This Week as Oil Declined

2009-01-11T08:41:00.000-08:00

The Canadian dollar fell against the dollar for the second week in a row, and that the oil prices continued to fall on the deterioration of the outlook for the global economy

Korean Won Close to Decade Low Again

2009-01-11T08:40:00.000-08:00

South Korean won continued its fall against the dollar today, despite the rebound in stocks in other countries in Asia by the Government of the United States with the intention of improving the conditions of Citigroup

Forex Support - Resistance

2009-01-11T08:39:00.000-08:00

It is called "support" for the sale of the press more or took the pause in sales was offset by calling purchases.We on most purchases or the purchase of the break and the sale and support of the transaction volume is resistance.In Resistance huge.The Measuring the extent and duration of the possibility of conservation.

Forex Demo Accounts

2009-01-11T08:38:00.000-08:00

Virtual Demo Account offers users a experience.People the holders of these accounts, then we offer you the opportunity to take the position in the market and various strategies.The goal is to provide colleagues in the apartment and the trading of foreign currencies have true owner of the trade in foreign currency.

Rush System

2009-01-11T08:36:00.000-08:00

London Forex Rush system is based on a system, which is derived
the global stock markets. Intra-day stock traders were using the
Range breakout strategy for a long time to open. And they do so. It is
because this strategy is easy to understand, to understand, easy to implement, especially lucrative.The Open Range Breakout intra-day stock strategy works: Once the wall
Rue 9:30 opening bell sounds HE, the trader is not the first number by 20 or 30 minutes
Measures, particularly the volatility of the shares. This opening is usually met with a wild animal and plant species
strong feelings of the fluctuations of the first listing. Small dealers of the brand of high and low
that in the beginning of the volatility, watch closely to see how the development of the population
from there. Once the people of "rupture" of this series, either upwards or downwards
The merchant can evaluate confidence of the population is assumed that for the rest
that the meeting heard.

Tips for users with demo accounts

2009-01-11T08:35:00.000-08:00

Let's say some things about this demonstration of the benefits of issue.Besides sone error traders.Because currency practices of consumers and users in a large majority Cushy provided, in addition to their cost of income.

If the trade with the demo accounts;

1-a and a number of waste disposal, their own right.

Take 2-heavy, as if they were real

3-We must learn, and this has improved in one or two parities specialty and their properties

No 4-Bossy in a file with the summary of the revenue of the demonstration, which does not lose in the reality of

Three Major, Markets of the World

2009-01-11T08:32:00.000-08:00

There are many cited financial side in the world: New York, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Sydney,
etc. But these three shows, the main London, Tokyo,
and New York. Each of them is a point of reference for the part of the world.
But even among the "Big Three" of the various transactions and constantly
The most important thing for us in London has the largest forex market business.
Let me start with some figures that the amount of money in the transactions in London
Hours of negotiations is usually around 25% of total world daily (or approximately $ 550 million
USA). New York and in London, slightly more than half, with about 16% ($ 330 billion U.S. dollars). And
Finally, Tokyo is usually about 10% ($ 210 billion U.S. dollars).
Remember, as soon as London Forex Rush system allows us to
These differences in the time zone and the volume of transactions, the work for us

Searching Volatility - And Finding The Sterling Pound!

2009-01-11T08:30:00.000-08:00

If you try to imitate Exchange Open Range Breakout forex strategy,
a candidate for their own currency too unstable at the beginning of negotiations over time.
We in the GBP (British pounds or in pounds sterling) into the equation. It is
By far the most volatile currency. And its main passages to - GBPUSD, GBPJPY, GBPCHF,
GBPAUD, GBPCAD and GBPNZD - usually greatest attraction is on the Board
All other major currencies. Every day, all major border crossings usually swing GBP
a distance of 150 points or more. Fortunately, it is simply in a position to take on a small
Part of this series with a strong profit and growth of our company.

Tokyo Connections

2009-01-11T08:29:00.000-08:00

Renotice when he learned the different time zones and trade
Volume? They use.
We already have high volatility in the currency chosen Pounds Sterling.
Now, after the volatility of the book has two characteristics associated with the trade
Volume make it perfect for our system:
1. The pound sterling negotiated in very small quantities during the meeting in Tokyo.
2. The pound sterling is negotiated in a high volume for hours in London. Actually, no
surprisingly, that the bulk of the day, that trade in foreign currency is concentrated.

For one, us in a fairly volatile close
during the day in Tokyo, but on the other hand, we must come back to life as any other
More exchange market.
If you today, what we have is a small, before the normal (meeting in Tokyo)
a high risk of an outbreak (of the London meeting) and the high volatility of the currency
(GBP). Is this all sounds? Is the formula for the Open Range Breakout
Strategy, which we at the beginning!
But with the London Forex Rush system, we have another advantage that other
Open Range small traders are not the markets in Tokyo and London to a superposition
Between 2 hours and 3 clock clock EST.
What does this mean in practice that the meeting in London can be seen as a kind
"Continuation of the conference in Tokyo, but with a sharp increase in the volume and volatility. The
Mapping of the "case-series," Open Range, such as the small traders tend to
first half hour was for us during the meeting in Tokyo, we are ready to
on the volume and the volatility of the meeting in London by a passion for the book.
Relatively slow, that Tokyo is preparing to go session, nature is just one of London
Enlightenment. At that time, about 3 clock, EST, there is an important market for the acceleration
Thousands of transactions and orders forgotten.

All Togethering is The London Forex Rush System

2009-01-11T08:27:00.002-08:00

The Open Range Breakout is a tactic the takeover of exchanges intraday. Research
People can recognize a party that for the next negotiations to observe
and for monitoring the flight beginning at the start of the identified
Meeting. The population - or the currency, in our case - if the monitoring is fleeting, to be useful to
for this purpose.
Then ...
1. The pound sterling is too volatile in comparison to the other major currencies.
2. The foreign exchange market in London, the highest volume of all major currencies
Markets, while Tokyo is the lowest.
3. The pound sterling was in almost all at the meeting in Tokyo, it is actually
Trading in London, for a long time.
4. The market in Tokyo are not the market in London 2 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST clock. In this
Time, the experience with the rapid acceleration of Forex. This factor, together
with the previous three, relaxation of the GBP, by quite likely.
These are the four pillars on which the London Forex Rush is. We
Research for the trade in the currency unstable crossings (ie, peer-books), right as the market
through the most dynamic acceleration (the London market in the first couple of times) and
we use the separation of the fork in the course of the meeting in Tokyo
Trigger for our positions.
Needless to say, with a pulse!

Travel Marmaris

2009-01-11T08:27:00.001-08:00

It is one of the famous summer holiday places of Turkey with its long coast and intense forests.Marmaris is a modern town in Mugla with dozens of holiday resorts and facilites that is served.

ACTIVITIES YOU CAN DO

Boat tours and,legal diving.

WEATHER CONDITIONS

June 30 - 41 °C

July 33 - 42 °C

August 33 - 41 °C

Sept. 29 - 39 °C

Access Places

Dalaman Airport

Bodrum-Milas Airport

Restaurants

Liman Restaurant - 0252 412 63 36

Black Sea Restaurant - 0252 455 28 97

Hakis Restaurant 0252 412 82 85

Çınar Restaurant - 0252 495 80 80

Ekinoks Restaurant - 0252 412 39 39

Bergama Restaurant - 0252 4123238

Anadolu - 0252 412 26 72

Anadolu Sofrası - 0252 413 82 20 (Euatanthic)

Bacchus Restaurant - 0252 412 57 30

Buhara Restaurant - 0252 413 12 96

Dragon Restaurant - 0252 412 46 53

Efesus Restaurant - 0252 411 03 17

Elvis Restaurant - 0252 413 15 74

Kalyon Restaurant - 0252 412 52 46

Kervansaray Restaurant - 0252 417 28 70

Ormancı’nın Yeri Restaurant - 0252 495 82 20

Sea Club Restaurant - 0252 413 32 46

ENTARTAINMENT PLACES

Bar X Coctail Dance - 0252 413 13 45

Crazy Daisy Night Club - 0252 4124856

The Brothers Fun Pub - 0252 412 34 81

MALIBU BEACH BAR - 0252 412 67 78

Akvaryum Bar - 0252 413 15 22

Green House - 0252 412 50 71

Escape Cafe Bar - 0252 412 74 17

Palette Cafe Bar - 0252 476 72 57

Paşa Bey Cafe Bar - 0252 417 67 79

The Brothers Fun Pub - 0252 412 34 81

Pupa Bar - 0252 413 71 71

Angels Restaurant & Bar - 0252 412 25 13

The Beach Club - Uzunyali st. Number: 90 Marmaris

Beach Paradise - Uzunyali St. Number: 140 Marmaris

Pamukkale Travel

2009-01-11T08:25:00.002-08:00

Pamukkale, which means "White Castle" in Turkey is one of the most famous in Turkey and is in

the province of Denizli.

Pamukkale is a hill that was removed from the limestone spring water after the earthquake had

Square of the Menderes River. Its length is about 2.6 kilometers high and is 160 meters long.

To climb the highest peaks of Pamukkale, you will benefit from the 20 km from Denizli

Distance. To the recognition of the customers for the tourists from all Denizli

Pamukkale, more and more hotels were built around this beautiful countryside. So, if you want

while in Turkey, not you, where you live. There are several hotels

anywhere in the world.

Kaydı Yayınla

Aegean Map

2009-01-11T08:25:00.001-08:00

Aegean Photos :

For More ; Photos Album

Traveler Info ;

Population : Turkey 70 586 256

Capital City : Ankara

Language : Turkish ( offical ), English, others…

Currency : New Turkish Lira ( YTL)

Country Dialing Code : 90

Electricity : Turkey uses 220 Volt Ac 50 electric adapters

Travel Turkey Galata Tower

2009-01-11T08:22:00.000-08:00

Galata Tower is one of the most impressive outings in Istanbul, the Galata in the region. It was built by the Genoese in 1384th

The height is exactly 69.90 meters Galata. After lengthy calculations is that the tower weighs 10,000 tons and the wall thickness is 3.75 meters.

After the damage caused by the Crusades, the tower was later revised and expanded to 1445 to 1446th From the tower at the summit in Istanbul, is one of the few places where you can view a city of 16 million people.

The Genoese, the close relationship with the King said to the king Murat II in the construction of the second round, near the Galata Tower, and the name Murat II Tower.

Old buildings of this type would have begotten than they would for a longer period. A look back in history, it would be advisable that the tower was the scene of several suicide bombings. A boy of 15 years, that was the only son of a famous Turkish jumped the Tour the 1973rd And if you go one step further, an Austrian citizen in 1876 had secretly in Galata, while the guards were and then leave the top of the tower.

Istanbul is a fact that many wonderful journey, but this is certainly a piece of history that you do not want to miss.

Travel Kemer

2009-01-11T08:20:00.000-08:00

Kemer located in 40 Western kmeters

Antalya.It cost of a trip with its natural beauty and night clubs.In other words,

in the Gulf of Antalya.The climate is typical for the region of La

Mediterranean warm and moist and warm sea.Until 1980, and stood quiet for tourism

on the coast, but later it became popular among the famous beaches.

As I said the beauty of nature is the most important thing about the water and crystal Kemer.A

Beaches and mountains with pine wodds a magical journey for the tourists

You Kemer.There are many places of residence and employment always Kemer.Hotels

has the whole season espescially for foreigners tourists.Because is very cheap for the holidays

Applicants who are from outside of Turkey.

Kemer is known for its nightclubs, bars and restaurants and many travel agencies in the provision of services

a high quality.Popular coastal villages are Beldibi, Kiris, Çayova, Aslanbucak, Kuzdere, Beycik,

Çamyuva, and Göynük Çıralı.

A large number of annual cases are in Kemer that the World Rally Championship Rally of Turkey, Turkey

Offshore Championship, Phaselis Art Festival, and Kemer Carnival.

Travel is Samsun

2009-01-11T08:18:00.000-08:00

It is one of the main cities of Turkey, located along the coast of the Black Sea, with a population of slightly more than 800,000. Besides her natural beauty, Samsun has an important role in the history of Turkey during the Independence War of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (father of the Turks), in the first place the foundations of the war to 19 May 1919. Unlike other cities in Turkey, which attracts people with its white sand and sun, Samsun, most frequently visited by people who are interested to learn about the history of the Turks that the city's many museums and monuments tell the all on this issue. The cities, on the north side of Turkey has a large amount of rainfall, we must not forget, is an umbrella with you when you are in this wonderful place.

Anamur Holiday Guide

2009-01-11T08:15:00.000-08:00

The May working for a peaceful and quiet holiday.Anamur beach is clean and pleasant places.Anamur is how a name for themselves that their castles.

Activities that you can do

You should plan for the day in the park of the river called Anamur Sevgi Park.You water to his truck in the vicinity of the castle and the mamure Camping Paradise.You can sleep and eat in the restaurants of the country road in Antalya.

Details of rain in Anamur
min max
From 28 June to 35 ° C
30. July to 37 ° C
August 31 to 37 ° C
Sebtember 30 38 ° C

Anamur Access Information
Here you can land in Anamur road Anamur can also fly, but must first landing on the airport of Antalya and Adana

Curiosity

PULLU National Park with its natural beauties, Cukurpinar of the cave is one of the largest caves in Turkey.

Anemurium

As in the vicinity of Cyprus, is without doubt one of the area.It is a place full of mines and the shopping center.

Steam

It is located in the west of the theater remains the old one.

DEMRE TRAVEL GUIDE

2009-01-11T07:48:00.000-08:00

Demre, known as the place St.Nikolaos' home.He and place of birth is known as Santa Claus.

Every year, July 6 shows and fairs are held on behalf of Santa Claus.

Activities that you can do

Bird-watching and monitoring Demre is quiet and Peacful can hear and your home

Silence is always there.There leave available.You was never a problem of vacancies on its journey.

the other cities of the Mediterranean, the climate is hot and humid.

June 31-45

July 34-45

August 34-44

31-41 September

Demre is west of Antalya and Finike Kaş.Antalya and is far from Demre kmeters 147th

It is another to deal with delightment Demre country road because the scenery is beautiful, all the way

is full of woods.You visit St. Nicholas Church Road.

If you look at the night life for your vacation, Demre is not the right place.

In VISIT

MYRA: It is a province Lyria and means "place of the mother goddess." The first impression of the name of the currency

in the city, in ancient times

Gazipasa

2009-01-11T07:45:00.000-08:00

Gazipasa known as "Silent" Heaven. "Blue Sea, sun and beautiful beaches, is very attractive to Gazipasa specialties.

Weather Conditions Gazipasa

June 31 to 45 ° C

34 July to 45 ° C

34 August 43 ° C

September 31 41 (C)

Access to the media Gazipasa

It is situated in Alanya, Anamur road.It is 44 km from Alanya.There, public transportation in the city.

In VISIT

Former SELENIUS

Church and the tank are the most important buildings in Achropolis.There are many Turkish baths and the houses on this issue.

Adnan (Lamus SITE)
Site will be expanded and is a big tower in the south of the city.

Beaches, coves and caves

Pool, Playa Madera

Beach and harbor beach

Forest sites Aytap Bay, Dunya yalan Cave
English

Travel Places Cappadocia

2009-01-11T07:39:00.000-08:00

Cappadocia region is the best place in the world combines the natural beauty

history.Where geographical shape of events "Peribacalari. People

as a house in the old Speleo them.In with the book in length

17 "Geographika" Strabon has a large border in the west of Cappadocia

Aksaray, east and north of Malatya Artvin.

Cappadocia region is now that the area

Nigde, Nevsehir, Aksaray, Kayseri and Kırşehir.The travel websites roots

the reactions and volcanic material.

The houses in Cappadocia Peribacalari award reflects the

pecualirsm in the region.

It is the stone in the amount on the slopes of the substance is of volcanic origin

it is simply a form, but that does not mean that it is too soft, if the

Material comes from a reaction with the air turns into a building material.

Ihlara Canyon is also known for Cappadocia.It specialty world.Its

As the third largest canyon in the world after the Grand Canyon in Arizona.

CESHME IZMIR SMYRA

2009-01-11T07:37:00.000-08:00

Cesme is famous with the healing of the springs spas, beaches, clear water and the sun, which is ideal for a holiday. It is located 94 km west of Izmir.It is referred to as "small, but over time has been Cesme (source), due to the increase in the number of ice - l 'cold water.

Visitors can of beaches, homes, sports and entertainment venues. Spas offer a break from the modern exhaustment shopping life.Brilliant is compatible with a wide range of carpets, leather goods.At the night, creating an atmosphere, especially in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs along the boardwalk. Çeşme organized meetings and national and international agreements on the whole year.

Climate: Mediterranean climate prevails in Cesme. It is very hot and the north, the burning.

Climatic conditions for CESHME

31. June - 41 ° C

33 July - 42 ° C

33 August - 43 ° C

30. September - 38 ° C

To achieve

SEASIDE

BABYLON Alacati

Shayne BEACHCLUB

HAVE SAKIZLI Han.

Niobe is (Crying Rock)

2009-01-11T07:35:00.000-08:00

manisa

It is a place in the mountains Spilos Manisa (Magnesia). It has a mythology

the story is interesting and Rock for the passengers, who have an interest in ethnicity and

mythology.Niobe is a Goddes in Greek mythology, the seven girls

and seven sons.The Goddes killed her desire Artemis

Daughters and sons of Niobe mourning began to scream and despair

Tears of shame that the wind in the back, so that there is a large rock from today until the

Today, the Rock crying.Interestingly very similar to a rock --

Silhouette of the woman actually.

but later discovered in a river, up to it.Every the fall of the river flows

Volume of your pain.

There are many places in the mythical Aegion

Sardo, Ephesus, the agora, the Temple of Zeus, and was thought of an imaginary

It is in the Aegean region Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

Ege Holiday Guide Kusadasi

2009-01-11T07:34:00.000-08:00

Well over 71 km is located in Aydın coastline.Selçuk Pamucak and, in the north, Dilek

Peninsula in the south and the borders of Kuşadası are also within easy reach on the other

Attractive destinations such as Izmir, Ephesus, Marie, married, Miletos, Didyma, Pamukkale, Marmaris,

Kuşadası Bodrum.Because the port of Greece near the island of Samos, is the second

important gateway to the sea for tourists.

Media Access

Kuşadası is from the highway and the port of Kuşadası seaway.The is one of the

main ports in the region is near the airport of Izmir.

Curiosity

Güvercinada

It was as a patrol of the Ottoman Empire, 19th Century.

Cruise and pleasure boating:

There are two pillars in Kuşadası and a marina with a capacity of 650 is very crafts.It

recommended that the Blue Tour.

Öküz Mehmet Pasa Palace:

It was 1618 at the request of the vizier Mehmet paşa.The large holes that can

on the walls cannon balls were around the palace of the pirates

Beach:

Kusadasi, Ladies beach, beach Güvercinada, Yılancı Burnu beach beach beach Yavan Kusturica,

Kara ova beach, beach Güzelçamlı Love beach Kalamaki beach.

Hot Springs:

Çıban (his Yavan), hot springs, Venus, the hot springs, hot springs are the main Güzelçamlı.

Not before the return;

See Öküz-Mehmet Pasa Palace

Visit Güvercinada

-Use the sea and the beaches

-Visit the National Park on the Dilek peninsula

Blue, at the Tour

Places Turkey Trojan Horse

2009-01-11T07:27:00.000-08:00

One of the 7 Wonders of the World: The Trojan is in the province of Canakkale. The Greek hero Odysseus, famous for his brilliant idea was to create a great horse and his men into the interior to the gates of Troy, without notice. His plan was that the horse and the beginning of an insurgency after being in bed. After the construction of the horse that you are on the beach and to hide inside. Trojan horse in order to be seen, came to the conclusion that the horse must be a gift from the gods, so they have to do, and within the limits of Troy. If you are interested in this beautiful travel wonders of the world, then you have luck. Because of the travel agents, on the organization of tours to Turkey Trojans all days of the year.

Olympos Travel Guides

2009-01-11T07:25:00.001-08:00

It is one of the rare Caretta caretta costs leave their eggs. For this reason, it is forbidden to fire them. The nature and the Green Olympos is fascinating visitors.
Activities that you can do
Canoeing and kayaking, rafting, Yanartas visits and trips by boat, yacht ...
State Weather
Min Max
June 31 45
34 July 45
34 Aug 43
31. September 41
Olympos Access Information
You can continue to dance after seting up Ulupinar of Antalya.
Olympos traditional foods
You can not find the restaurants in the entire coastal area of Olympos. All the places where you taste traditional foods are 1 km from the coast.
Kolle - Domates Cives - Hibeş - Akdeniz Salads
Olympos Hot Spots
ORANGE Disco Bar
Curiosity
Olympos Beydağları Park
Yanartas
Ulupinar

About Turkey

2009-01-11T07:22:00.000-08:00

Turkey is a country between specific directive in the Middle East, Europe, Asia and

africa.Turkey, is a strategic and economic spiritually.Most

the mainland of Turkey in Edirne has Asia.Istanbul country and in Europe.

The bridge over the Bosphorus in Istanbul, between Europe and Asia, agricultural road.

Besides her natural beauty, Turkey has a great history and is the cradle of

civilisation.Firstly Mezopotamia is the first center of Greek civilization Anatolia.The other

The governments and the website was 3000 in British Columbia Anatolia appoximitely

Because of these historical sites, museums and churches

castles in Turkey.

When we arrived in the summer sky, Turkey has tourist.Turkey

three marine and has an inland sea of Marmara. The hot and humid in the south, the cost

and a little salt is suitable for those who heat of the northern coastline is climates.The

saltless.The little cold, the sea and the coast to the Aegean region because of the breadth

and the climate.

Finally, Turkey was a livey winter tourism in too.Uludag bursa lives and ski

Monitoring center.Palandöken Erzurum has a unique landscape for tourists who love peace

with each other and skiing.

Turkey is also cheaper travel in Europe and has many opportunities for foreign tourists in the real world.
Spanish

Dalyan Travel Guides

2009-01-11T07:20:00.000-08:00

places in the turkey dalyan

In Dalyan you will find numerous attractions: the ruins of the old Caunes, the amphitheater with 20,000 seats, Roman baths, the Acropolis and the ancient walls. Many hotels in Dalyan, you will see clearly the incredible rock graves deep in the face of the hill into the river, and why not all the famous mud baths and springs of sulfur dioxide. Dalyan is an ideal place for nature lovers.The small fishing village of Dalyan is located in the protection of fauna Dalyan Delta, and consists of no less than 152 species of birds, and three species of turtles, including the protection of the loggerhead sea turtle "Caretta Caretta sea turtles. As the river meets the sea, extending an impressive Turtle Beach about 6 km from the beach with pool and an excellent protection of the loggerhead sea turtle population Turto. Turtle on the beach, the sand is sparkling water, not by the people employed. Dalyan is a small selection of shops, some of which are chemicals, post office, supermarkets and banks that are in the city. The night, Dalyan is very quiet, there are many clubs and cafes and bars of friendship. Most roads outside the city center of Dalyan is not yet complete. It is not a typical seaside resort, there is much to discover. You can also Daytrips de Caunes, Sulfur Springs, mud baths and KOYCEGIZ Lake, excursions and Turtle Beach. can also make a trip to Ephesus and Pamukkale.
The distance between the airport and Dalaman Dalyan is about 30 minutes. Dalyan is in the province of Mugla in the southwest on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, whose natural beauty is completely intact. It is a little paradise to survive in a region of breathtaking natural beauty and history.

Attractions / to Dalyan

Çamur Kaplicasi (mud bath)
Bat Gelgirme "and is known as" ten years younger "with the actors of tourism.

Although many people believe not only logical, or scientists, the benefits for the health of the Earth is very pleasant for the tourists to play in the mud, rub her body and a lot of photos of this unique scene.

Sultaniye Kaplicalari (Hot Springs)
Sultaniye Hot Springs has the largest proportion of radioactivity (98.3) and in Turkey is the second highest in spring in the world after Indonesia thermal springs.

They believe that the bathrooms are good for rheumatism, sciatica, the nephritis, lumbago, depression and dermatological and gynecological problems.

Sultaniye Hot Springs is located 20 km and 4 km from Dalyan KOYCEGIZ.

Ekincik
Also known under the name "Village Kurkçuler, Ekincik Bay is something very special, a paradise between Marmaris and Dalyan.

Those who are out of the box to find peace in sets Ekincik, just one stop on the road navigation Blue Voyage. Heaven knows Ekincik May suddenly famous spots humor. Princess Caroline, Prince Charles, the emperor of the media Robert Maxwell, Rockefeller, Sting and the great actor Dustin Hoffman was among the guests early.

Karaçay Bay and Semisçe favorites are two more points for sailing in the area. In the East Bay is a Ekincik level "Delikli Burun" (hole in the plane), an opening in the middle large enough for a small boat. With the cover of pine trees, this layer has a beautiful view of the divers.

Caretta caretta
The wonderful turtle.It feeds on clams, seahorses, alge, small sponges and flora of the sea, as expected, Dalyan hospital is the favorite for the Mediterranean action Caretta caretta.

Prices Adults 90-115 cm, weight 70-160 kg shell with a orange-brown back and belly. He digs a nest of 40-60 cm and an average of 80-100 eggs. You can try his chance again and dig more nests on the following nights. It is a miracle process of turtle was digging to mourn her legs from behind. To protect the tears in the eyes of the sand dehydratio also boring because of his efforts. The turtle has a medium pace of working.

The foxes are among the greatest enemies of the eggs of turtles. A very instinctive reflex to find the descendants of the brightness of the beach in the moonlight. For this reason, "the lights for the turtles' scheme applies Iztuzu beach after dusk.

İztuzu Plaj / Iztuzu Beach
Based on the slopes of the hills and blankets in the delta of Dalyan, which Iztuzu Beach Bank is a 5400-meter beach include pure crystal clear water of the Mediterranean.

No, but some buildings are in the changing rooms beach. Sorry, but no joy on the beach at night, turtles can. Dogs and other pets are not allowed on the beach, but they can be the eggs of turtles. Look at the signs of turtle eggs and make sure that our team, the entire area.

Iztuzu Beach is 12 km Dalyan.

Dalyan
Dalyan is by the sea, but very close, and numerous lakes. The village lies in a natural fresh-water canal connects the Mediterranean Sea KOYCEGIZ through a labyrinth of 10 kilometers, with a high population density with sticks.

Dalyan Channel natural freshwater acological rare elements such as the caves and reed high filtration of water, approximately 150 species nest in reeds, amber-colored liquid endemic Orientalis trees, varieties of sponges, hundreds of species of freshwater fish, butterflies and plants and various endangered species of turtles Caretta caretta which are stricter.

There is no direct bus service from Dalyan. You can take a taxi in Fethiye, Ortaca and the case of a minibus in Dalyan.

KOYCEGIZ
KOYCEGIZ is a beautiful and peaceful seaside resort with its beautiful houses - white walls and red roofs - orange and the spread of plants and beautiful gardens.

KOYCEGIZ one of the many forms of the landscape around the lake tectonics. The northeast and southeast of the water, while other regions. The coast is a natural arrow about 4.5 km. A narrow channel reeds covered 10 kilometers and Airlink like a maze KOYCEGIZ connects the lake to the Mediterranean. Canoeing, sailing, rowing, cycling and water. The water depth of 25 to 150 meters.

KOYCEGIZ is 75 km from Mugla.

Travel Places of Antalya

2009-01-11T07:18:00.000-08:00

Antalya, which is used by the Greeks Pamphylian Adalia is a city in southern Turkey.

It is the ideal place for people who are not with the time cold and I would be able to swim at almost 7 months of the year. It is certain that in warm weather in Antalya in Turkey, according to the records, which show that the highest temperature was within the limits of 56 degrees.

It lies on a cliff near the Mediterranean coast, the city is surrounded by mountains. Unlike other small tourist resorts in Turkey, Antalya is very big with its 1417 square kilometers in size. What started as a little vacation in the mid-60s is a resource for people in the world and particularly in Europe.

Travel is The United Kingdom

2009-01-11T07:13:00.000-08:00

Britain has a history that both of the most powerful nation in the world. Even though it was a long time, some areas of the country where the proof of the old glory missing. The relics of the industrial past of the landscape, the houses and large display used at home and abroad.

It is famous for rain, the British climate is temperate, with mild winters and pleasant summers. Britain is an example of the picturesque and débraillé and offers various opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, climbing and caving Holing.

Britain is the vibrant and exciting cities, with a long history and diversity of the development of historic buildings and modern architecture is impressive.

United Kigndom Map ;

Travel City Bodrum Turkey

2009-01-11T07:06:00.000-08:00

Bodrum is probably the most popular holiday destination of Turkey, situated between the cost of the Aegean. It has a Mediterranean climate, where winter does not fall below 19 degrees during the summer is well over 40 degrees. Bodrum is known for its long white sand beaches and clubs. Bodrum was a small village, where the elderly and the fishermen live, until the middle of the 20th Century, but after the city made great efforts to ensure the people in the future of creativity, suggesting a selection of Bodrum secondary location for the house and many of these people are in the usual course of time, he remained the whole year. Already in 2000 the people of Bodrum was some 33,000, but this number increased, and continues to increase, especially in summer.

ADIYAMAN NEMRUT MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK

2009-01-11T06:58:00.000-08:00

Location: In the city and the province of Adıyaman Kahtali borders.

Availability: Adıyaman far about 43 km and 9 km of arable Kahtali road.

Mount Nemrut Antioch blessed by King comma genes

specailities National Park.

Antiochos grave and massive sculptures, Arsameia, Yenikale (Newcastle) in this region

was an independent Kingdom was in the old Anno Domini 72 times.in war against

Rome and lost the kingdom lost its independence.

Place to see: giant sculptures and King Antiochus' blessed with dam areas Arsemia

the most important places to see and read about these places in the journey.

There are many restaurants, hotels, motels, expanding many places for accommodation and food

they are very inexpensive.

Apple Doughnuts

2009-01-07T14:31:00.001-08:00

Ingredients

1 cup applesauce
4 cups all-purpose flour
3 teaspoons baking powder
1 teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon nutmeg
1/4 cup butter or margarine, softened
1 cup brown sugar
2 eggs (or egg whites from 4 eggs)
1 teaspoon vanilla
1/2 teaspoon salt

Directions

1. Combine flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt, cinnamon, and nutmeg.

2. Cream butter or margarine with sugar in a mixing bowl. Beat in eggs, one at a time.

3. Stir vanilla and milk into applesauce.

4. Add dry ingredients (step 1) to egg mixture (step 2) alternately with applesauce (step 3), beginning and ending with dry ingredients. Cover dough and chill at least 1 hour.

5. Rollout dough on a floured board until about 1/3 inch thick. Cut shapes with a 3-inch doughnut cutter.

6. Fry 3 or 4 at a time in hot deep fat (about 375° F or 190 deg C), turning to brown both sides. Drain on paper towels.

Yield:

About 18 doughnuts and 18 "holes."

See Also:

The Natural Way To Healthy Skin

2009-01-07T14:29:00.000-08:00

Healthy skin is an essential part of health and natural beauty. Good skin is a reflection of inner health.
Causes of Unhealthy skin

Diet

Natural Aids for Beautiful Skin

* Lime Juice
* Peach Treatment
* Anti-wrinkle cream
* Natural Beauty Mask
* To improve a dark and dull complexion
* Natural Cleansing Lotion
* Cabbage Mask
* Tangerine Juice Treatment
* Orange Tonic
* Watermelon Natural Formulas
* Tomato Natural Formulas
* Cucumber
* Whitening Lotion
* Apple Tonic
* Amaranth Juice Treatment
* Mint Juice
* Almonds
* Yogurt

Causes of Unhealthy skin

Faulty diet. Refined foods like white flour, sugar and products made with them, tea, coffee, and soft drinks deplete energy, bring about wrinkles, unattractive skin and premature aging.

Lack of healthy blood. Healthy blood adds a glow to the skin and keeps it well-nourished, moist, and free from dryness and roughness.

Inadequate cleansing. Very often, our skin looks superficially clean; but they really are not. Dirt and dust particles can hide in the pores of the skin and clog sweat and sebaceous glands. Proper cleansing not only removes all the dust, dirt and make-up, which accumulate during the day, but also stops the oil-secreting sebaceous glands from getting clogged.
Diet

Diet plays an important role in maintaining the health of the skin. Diet should supply all the nutrients needed to build health, namely, protein, carbohydrates, fats, essential fatty acids and all the essential vitamins and minerals. Such a diet will consist of liberal quantities of seeds, nuts and grains, vegetables and fruits, supplemented by special protective foods like milk, vegetable oils, yogurt, honey and yeast.

Nutrients play an important role in maintaining a healthy skin.

Examples:

Your skin is unusually dry and rough. You have blackheads and whiteheads. You are probably lacking sufficient vitamin A. You could also be suffering from the deficiencies in iron, iodine and the B Vitamins. Adequate amounts of protein and vitamin C are also important.

The vitamins of the B group are important in producing beautiful skin.

Vitamin B1 aids skin health by helping to keep the circulation normal.

Vitamin B2 or riboflavin deficiency can lead to brown pigmentation, or liver spots on the skin. These ugly spots usually disappear if generous amounts of vitamin B2 are given over a period of six months. Severe riboflavin deficiency can lead to oily skin and hair and small deposits of fat under the skin of the cheeks and forehead and behind the ears. More severe deficiency of riboflavin causes the skin under the nose and at the comers of the eyes and mouth to crack and become sore.

Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine deficiency can result in dermatitis or eczema.

Niacin deficiency can also cause an eczema type of skin eruption with brown pigmentation, largely on the face, forearms and legs.

Deficiency of pantothenic acid, para-aminobenzoic acid, and biotin: This also leads to types of eczema. The symptoms will go away completely when these vitamins are generously added to the diet.

It is clear that Vitamin B plays a pivotal role in maintaining a healthy skin. So, diet that is rich in Vitamin B can go a long way in skin health. One of the important food in this connection is brewer's yeast. Even the person whose skin seems smooth and healthy usually notices improvement in texture and glow, a week after adding two or more tablespoons of brewer's yeast to the daily diet. Persons with eczema should, for an entire month, take a tablespoon of yeast stirred into citrus juice or water after each meal, between meals, and before retiring. If the diet is adequate in all other respects, the eczema is usually cured in a month 's time.
Anemia and Pale Skin: Anemia results from lack of protein, iodine, calcium, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, cobalt, copper, and iron. Take diet rich in Vitamin B. Folic acid and vitamin B12 are especially important.

See Also: Diet For Natural Beauty
Natural Aids for Beautiful Skin

Several natural aids have been found useful in promoting healthy and beautiful skin.

Lime Juice

Lime juice is an important natural aid for healthy skin.

1. Lime Juice Formula

Squeeze lime into a bowl. Add a glass of boiled whole milk and a teaspoon of glycerin to it. Stir well and let it stay for half an hour. Apply this mixture on the face, hands and feet before going to bed at night. This treatment every night will help you to look young and beautiful. It will also help cure pimples.

2. For very oily skin

Squeeze lemon juice in a bowl of iced water. Splash this over the face, massage for five minutes and then wash off with water.

3. T o improve a dull and greasy complexion

Mix half teaspoon of lime juice with one teaspoon of cucumber juice and a few drops of rose water. Apply on the face and neck and leave on for 15 minutes. Remove with water.

4. To improve a dry and rough skin

Take an egg yolk and mix in a few drops of lime and olive oil. Spread on the face and leave it till the skin feels dry. Wash off with ordinary water and splash on cold water.

5. To relieve tired eyes

Take four tablespoons each of lime juice and iced water. Saturate cotton pads in this water and place over your closed eyelids for 10 minutes.

6. To remove freckles

Blanch and grind two almonds. Mix it with white of an egg to which half teaspoon of lime juice has been added. Spread on the face and leave it on till the skin feels dry. Then, wash off first with warm water and then with cold water.

Peach Treatment

The skin of the peach is useful in improving the complexion.

Gently massage the inside of peach peelings on the face every night for a few minutes. Don't rub off the moisture afterwards. This will cleanse the skin thoroughly and free the pores. It also has an astringent action and tightens the muscle of the face slightly, thus preventing sagging tissues.

Anti-wrinkle cream

Mix a teaspoon of olive oil with an egg. Smoothen the face and neck with it. Let it remain till the skin gets dry.

To Remove The Cream:
Add a teaspoon of soda bicarbonate to hot water. Stir. Dip a piece of cotton-wool to this mixture and use it to remove the cream.

Natural Beauty Mask

Ingredients
1 tablespoon of gram flour
1/4 teaspoon orange peel powder
1 tablespoon beaten yogurt
1 teaspoon olive oil

Mix the ingredients well and apply the paste to your face and neck. Let it remain till the skin starts feeling a little dry and then rub your face with your hands till it glows.

Wash your face first with warm water and then with cold water. This will remove all the embarrassing blemishes from the skin and make the skin soft and smooth.

To improve a dark and dull complexion

Ingredients
1 teaspoon of gram flour
pinch of turmeric powder
few drops of lime juice
1/2 teaspoon olive oil
1/2 teaspoon milk

Mix the ingredients together. Apply the mixture to your skin. Leave it on for half an hour. Wash off with water.

Cleansing Lotion

To one-fourth teaspoon of lime juice stir in one teaspoon each of milk and cucumber juice. Apply on the face and neck and wash off after 14 minutes. This lotion cleanses and purifies the pores of the skin.

Cabbage Mask

Grind a couple of cabbage leaves and extract juice. Dissolve one-fourth teaspoon of yeast in it and stir in one teaspoon of honey. Mix well and apply thickly over face and neck. Keep it for 15 minutes. Remove with cotton-wool soaked in water. This mask will counteract any tendency towards wrinkles and dryness and give your skin a flower-like bloom.

Tangerine Juice Treatment

The use of orange or tangerine juice has also been found valuable for a glowing complexion.

Dip your fingers in fresh tangerine or orange juice. Apply it liberally over your face, chin, neck, and forehead. Make a paste from the powdered sun dried pips of unripe oranges. Use this paste on the pimples and acne at bed time.

Orange Tonic

Blanch and grind a couple of almonds to a paste and mix in two tablespoons of milk and one tablespoon each of carrot and orange juice. Apply thickly on face and neck and leave on for half an hour. Removes scars and blemishes from the face and makes it soft and smooth.

Watermelon Juice

The juice of water-melon is useful in the removal of blemishes on the skin.

Prepare a lotion by grating and squeezing the juice of a small slice of water-melon. Apply this lotion over the face and neck for fifteen minutes. Wash with hot water. Follow this by a splash of cold water.

Tomato

Tomato, used externally, is good for getting a good complexion.

Apply the pulp of a tomato liberally on the face. Leave this for an hour. Then wash off with warm water. Repeat this daily. You will have a good complexion. It will also remove ugly-looking pimples in a short time.

Tomato Lotion

To one tablespoon of tomato juice add a couple of drops of lime juice. Apply on face and remove after 15 minutes. It is very effective for shrinking enlarged pores.

Tomato Tonic

To two teaspoons of tomato juice add four tablespoons of buttermilk. Apply. Remove after half an hour. It is excellent for removing sunburns.

Cucumber

Grate or blend a cucumber. Apply this over the face, eyes and neck for 15 to 20 minutes. It is a great tonic for the facial skin. Regular use of cucumber prevents pimples, blackheads, wrinkles, and dryness of the face.

Whitening Lotion

To one tablespoon of cucumber juice stir in a few drops of lime juice and a dash of turmeric powder. Apply on face and neck and wash off after half an hour. Makes an excellent whitener for all types of skins.

Cucumber Lotion

Mix one tablespoon each of cucumber juice and milk and a few drops of rose water. Apply on the face and neck. Remove after 15 minutes. Makes excellent whitener for delicate skins.

Apple Tonic

Mix one tablespoon of apple juice with one-fourth teaspoon of lime juice. Leave on for 20 minutes. Makes excellent tonic for combating oily skin.

Amaranth Juice Treatment

The juice of amaranth, applied over the face with a pinch of turmeric powder, bleaches the skin, prevents it from drying and wrinkling, cures pimples and makes one look fresh.

Add to this mixture milk and lime juice. Massage the mixture delicately over the face and neck for half an hour. Wash it off with lukewarm water. Do this every night before going to bed. This is an effective skin tonic that increases and retains its beauty.

Mint Juice

Application of fresh mint juice over the face every night, cures pimples and prevents dryness of the skin. The juice can also be applied over eczema and contact dermatitis with beneficial results.

Almonds

Make a paste of almonds with mild cream and fresh rosebud paste. Apply it daily over the face. This softens and bleaches the skin and nourishes it with the choicest skin-food. Regular application of this mixture prevents the early appearance of wrinkles, blackheads, dryness of the skin, pimples. It also keeps the face refreshed.

To improve rough and dry complexion:
Take a teaspoon of almond oil and mix it with half a teaspoon each of milk cream and lime juice. Apply every night before going to bed both on the face and on the neck.

Yogurt

Yogurt is a very important natural beauty aid.

Apply yogurt on the face every morning. Wash it off after a few minutes with cold water. This will keep the complexion smooth, healthy and fresh. A mixture of yogurt and lemon juice is ideal for softening hands.

A paste of lentil and yogurt, applied as a mask, cleanses the skin and gives it a glow. Let it dry. When dried, remove it with fingertips and wash off with water.
Honey, olive oil and a mixture of turmeric and sandalwood paste are all very effective in rejuvenating dry , parched skin.

Apple Carrot Muffins

2009-01-07T14:27:00.000-08:00

Ingredients

1/2 cup peeled, diced baking apples
1/4 cup finely grated baby carrots
1 cup pre-sifted all-purpose flour
1/3 cup skim milk
1/4 cup carrot juice
3 tablespoons sweetened smooth applesauce
1 egg, lightly beaten
1/3 cup light brown sugar
1/4 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon double-acting baking powder
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
3 tablespoons vanilla instant pudding mix powder
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract

Makes 8 muffins.

Directions

1.

Preheat the oven to 400 deg F. Place eight aluminum muffin liners in a muffin pan.
2.

Add the flour, salt, baking powder, and cinnamon into a small bowl. Stir to mix, about five strokes.
3.

Put the baby carrots and apples in a second small bowl. Add 2 tablespoons of the flour mixture to the apples and carrots, and gently stir to coat.
4.

Add the remaining ingredients to a third, larger bowl. Stir and mix thoroughly.
5.

Drop the remaining flour mixture into the egg mixture (bowl #3) in one addition. Stir for five strokes. Now add the apples and carrots (bowl #2) into this mixture (bowl #3). Stir just to blend, fifteen to thirty strokes. The batter should be a little lumpy; do not overstir.
6.

Spoon the batter into the muffin liners. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes. The muffins are done when they develop a light golden color and a toothpick inserted into the center of a muffin comes out clean.
7.

Cool the muffins in the pan for 2 minutes, then remove them to a wire rack.

Nutritional Information

Per Apple Carrot Muffin
139 calories
30.5 grams carbohydrates
3 grams protein
1 gram fat
6% calories from fat

20-Minute Skin Care Routine

2009-01-07T14:20:00.003-08:00

1.

Cleanse face with gentle cleanser to suit skin type, using a cotton ball or a washcloth.
2.

Steam face with head over bowl of steaming hot water for 2 minutes.
3.

Apply moisturizing, purifying face mask.
4.

Bathe or shower with a few drops of relaxing essential oil or invigorating oil in the water. You may also put used herbal tea bags, or cucumber or potato slices over your eyes to remove the bagginess around the eyes. Relax totally for 10 minutes.
5.

Pat body dry with thick warm towels. Apply body lotion all over while skin is still moist. Take special care of feet, knees, elbows, and neck.
6.

Remove mask with warm water and spray or splash face with mineral water.
7.

Apply eye-soothing gel (if you are going out) or night eye cream (if you are going to bed) around eyes and on lids.
8.

Apply moisturizer to face if going out, or your favorite night cream/oil if not.
9.

Apply hand cream and a nail cream around cuticles.

See Also:

Basic Skin Care

Diet For Natural Beauty

The Natural Way To Healthy Skin

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20-Minute Skin Care Routine

2009-01-07T14:20:00.002-08:00

Basic Skin Care

2009-01-07T14:20:00.001-08:00

The care you give to your skin depends to a large extent on the type of the skin you have. However, we will discuss the basic skin care principles first. Then we will go into specific recommendations based on the type of skin you have.

A daily routine of skin care requires no more than ten minutes and requires only three simple steps each evening and morning:

1.

Cleanse
2.

Tone
3.

Moisturize

Night care

1. Cleanse. Remove any makeup with cleansing cream or a natural makeup remover. Wash with mild soap or other cleanser, rinse, and pat dry.

2. Tone. Apply an acid-containing solution to restore the pH balance and protective shield. For dry skin, use a mild freshener-toner. For oily skin, use an astringent preparation.

3. Moisturize. Splash on cool water or mist with a spray bottle. Blot, but do not dry completely-moisturizer magic relies more on retaining moisture than in providing it-then smooth on a few drops of your moisturizer.
Day care

1. Cleanse lightly to remove nighttime accumulations, refresh your face with a few splashes of water, and pat dry.

2. Tone by applying a freshener or astringent.

3. Moisturize around your eyes. If your face is excessively dry, mist or splash with water, blot, then lightly cover with moisturizer

Dry Skin

2009-01-07T14:19:00.000-08:00

Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. The skin has a parched look caused by its inability to retain moisture. It usually feels "tight" and uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin cream is applied. Chapping and cracking are signs of extremely dry, dehydrated skin.
Dryness is exacerbated by wind, extremes of temperature and air-conditioning, all of which cause the skin to flake, chap and feel tight. This type of skin is tightly drawn over bones. It looks dull, especially on the cheeks and around the eyes. There may be tiny expression lines on these spots and at the comers of the mouth.
Causes

*

The oil glands do not supply enough lubrication to the skin. As a result, the skin becomes dehydrated.
*

Skin gets exposed to the elements especially in winter.
*

Dry skin could be due to a genetic condition.
*

Poor diet. Nutritional deficiencies, especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the B vitamins, can also contribute to dry skin.
*

Environmental factors such as exposure to sun, wind, cold, chemicals, or cosmetics, or excessive bathing with harsh soaps.
*

Conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, or seborrhea.
*

Dry Skin Could Also Be From:

Dry skin can be a sign of an underactive thyroid.

Serious skin complications can arise for people with diabetes.

Certain drugs, including diuretics, antispasmodics, and antihistamines, can contribute to dry skin.

How To Care for Dry Skin

Avoid the use of tap water when cleansing dry skin. The deposits are too drying on the skin. And never, ever use hot water. Use mineral water to freshen your face. Don't use a washcloth-a rough texture can irritate. In the morning, apply a spray of mineral water on your skin misted on with a plant sprayer. (Do not use a sprayer that had been used for spraying insecticides.) Lightly pat dry.

Dry skin needs plenty of thorough but gentle cleansing, regular stimulation with massage and generous quantities of oil and moisture. It also needs extra careful protection. Washing dry skin with soap and water not only removes grime but also the natural oils protecting the skin. A moisturizer increases the water content of the outer layers of the skin and gives it a soft, moist look.

Use nondetergent, neutral-pH products to cleanse your skin. Avoid using any commercial soap. And always touch your face gently. Double-cleanse with a cream, leaving a light, thin trace of it on the skin after the second cleansing.

Follow a bath or a shower with a mild application of baby oil. Massage your face with home-made nourishing cream every night before retiring. Be generous with the cream in the areas surrounding the eyes where tiny lines and crows feet are born.

Avoid coming in contact with highly alkaline soaps and detergents like washing sodas and powders which contain highly alkaline and drying ingredients.

Moistening with water, then applying a thin film of air-excluding moisturizer, restores the suppleness of the dry skin.

Morning Skin Cleanser/Rejuvenator

Every morning 15 minutes before taking your bath

1 egg yolk
1 teaspoon orange juice
1 teaspoon olive oil and
few drops of rose water
few drops of lime juice

Mix the above ingredients together and apply on your skin.

Beauty Mask for Dry Skin

1 egg
1 teaspoon of honey,
1/2 teaspoon of olive oil and
few drops of rose water

Mix the ingredients thoroughly and use as a mask.

Night Moisturizing

After you clean and tone your skin, apply a splash of water or a water-misting. Pat almost dry with a soft towel, then smooth moisturizer from bosom to hairline. Allow five minutes for immediate absorption (cover your face and throat with warm washcloths to hasten penetration), then blot off any excess moisturizer with a tissue.

Men can skip the toner but should moisturize the delicate skin around the eye area.

Day Moisturizing

Apply a touch of your natural moisturizer over the freshly cleansed, toned, and dampened skin on your throat, cheeks, and around your eyes. Men should follow a two-step process. Apply moisturizer immediately after shaving. Wait ten minutes. Then moisturize again.

Milk Bath

Once a week take a milk bath. It will nourish and smoothen your skin. Warm your bath water and put in 250 gram of powdered milk, half tablespoon of almond oil and a few drops of your favorite perfume. Then just lie in it and let your mind wander while the wholesome foam works wonders on your dry skin.

If your lips chap, peel or crack then the best remedy is to massage them with a little cream of milk to which a few drops each of rose water and lime juice has been added every night before going to bed. Before applying lipstick, use a soft piece of towel for removing rough bits of chapped skin and rub a piece of raw beetroot gently on them. After applying lipstick add a little vaseline to keep your lips soft and pretty.

Moisturize your skin after cleansing to keep it from drying out. Use a liquid moisturizer or facial oil that contains nutrients and other natural ingredients. Avoid solid, waxy moisturizing creams.

Use a humidifier (or even a pan of water placed near a radiator) to humidify your environment, especially in winter. This helps to reduce the amount of moisture lost from the skin through evaporation.

Stay out of overheated rooms; avoid sudden changes in temperature; protect yourself from wind and sun. Remember, your face is fragile.

If you don't have a good, strong moisturizer on your face on a cold, windy winter day, don't go out! Cold will cause any moisture on your skin to evaporate. The wind will just accelerate the process.

At night, use a very creamy cleanser or oil (baby oil is perfectly all right). Remove residue with a spray of mineral water. Follow up with a night cream applied at least a half-hour before retiring. If you lie down immediately after applying cream, it will "puff-up" delicate tissues around the eyes.

Once a week, use a facial mask to clarify the skin and remove dull, dry surface skin cells. Blend together well 1 teaspoon green clay powder and 1 teaspoon raw honey. Apply the mixture to your face, avoiding the eye area. Leave it on for fifteen minutes, then rinse well with lukewarm water. While your skin is still slightly damp, apply a natural skin oil or liquid moisturizer.

If your skin is chapped or cracked, increase your consumption of water and essential fatty acids. Keep any chapped areas well lubricated and protected from the elements.

For cracked, dry skin on the fingers, use calendula cream or oil with comfrey, vitamin E oil, and aloe vera. Apply the mixture to hands at bedtime, then wear plastic gloves overnight.

Do not smoke. Smoking has a harmful effect on the skin for several reasons. Nicotine constricts the blood vessels, including the tiny capillaries that serve the skin. This deprives the skin of the oxygen and nutrients it needs for good health. Smoking also can make the skin dry and leathery.

Do not use harsh soaps, cold cream, or cleansing creams on your skin. Cleansing creams are made from hydrogenated oils, which can cause free radical damage to the skin, resulting in dryness and wrinkles. Instead, use pure olive, avocado, or almond oil to cleanse the skin. Pat the oil on, then wash it off with warm water and a soft cloth.

Do not use very hot water when bathing or showering.

As much as possible, stay out of the sun. The sun is responsible for most of the damage done to the skin. It causes dryness, wrinkles, and even rashes and blisters. Always apply a good sunscreen to all exposed areas of skin if you must be in the sun.
Herbs for Dry Skin

Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is soothing, healing, and moisturizing. It also helps to remove dead skin cells. Apply aloe vera gel topically on affected areas.

Calendula and comfrey have skin-softening properties. They can be used in a facial sauna or to make herbal or floral waters. Comfrey also reduces redness and soothes irritated skin.

Add 5 drops of lavender oil or oat extract to bath water. After the bath, apply diluted evening primrose oil or aloe vera cream.

Drink teas of camomile, dandelion or peppermint.

Borage, fennel, coltsfoot or calendula tea also helps improve the skin. Add 1 tsp. of herbs to 1 cup of boiling water and drink daily.

Tea tree oil has been known to penetrate into the skin's cellular level. Add 1 drop of oil to your favorite day or night cream to help moisturize and smooth skin.

Herbal Facial Sauna

A weekly facial sauna using the herbs chamomile, lavender, and peppermint is good for dry skin.

Using a glass or enameled pot, simmer a total of 2 to 4 tablespoons of dried or fresh herbs in 2 quarts of water. When the pot is steaming, place it on top of a trivet or thick potholder on a table, and sit with your face at a comfortable distance over the steam for fifteen minutes. You can use a towel to trap the steam if you wish.

After fifteen minutes, splash your face with cold water and allow your skin to air dry or pat it dry with a towel. Then either apply a good natural moisturizer or facial oil, or apply a clay mask.

After the sauna, you can allow the herbal water to cool and save it for use as a toning lotion to be dabbed on your face with a cotton ball after cleansing.
Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin

*

Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, grains, seeds, and nuts. Eat quality protein from vegetable sources. Increase your intake of raw foods.
*

Eat foods such as garlic, onions, eggs, and asparagus that are high in sulfur, which helps to keep the skin smooth and youthful.
*

Consume plenty of yellow and orange vegetables. These are high in beta-carotene, an antioxidant. Carrots are especially good.
*

Unrefined, cold-pressed flax seed oil used daily on salads and baked potatoes, or mixed into any dishes which do not require heating to high temperatures will make dry skin moist and supple. Flax seed oil contains the essential fatty acids omega-3 alpha linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid. These are converted in the body into hormone, like substances called Prostaglandins, which support skin health.
*

Cantaloupes, carrots and apricots are heating foods for dry skin because they are rich in the vitamins A and C, both important for a supple, smooth skin. Eat them whole or take as fresh juices. Eat foods rich in pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), such as quark, raw. milk cheese, natural plain yogurt, kefir, leafy green vegetables, nutritional yeast and wheat germ. Pantothenic acid is need for the synthesis of fats and oils used by the skin.
*

Drink at least 2 quarts of quality water every day to keep the skin well hydrated.
*

Avoid fried foods, animal fats, and heat-processed vegetable oils. Use cold- pressed oils only. Heating oils leads to the production of free radicals, which have a destructive effect on the skin.
*

Do not drink soft drinks or eat sugar, chocolate, potato chips, or other junk foods.
*

Avoid alcohol and caffeine. These substances have a diuretic effect, causing the body and skin cells to lose fluids and essential minerals.

Essential Oils For Dry Skin

Chamomile
Geranium
Hyssop
Lavender
Patchouli
Rose
Sandalwood
Ylang-Ylang
Common Sense Recommendations

*

Evening primrose oil supplements are beneficial for skin. They contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid reputed to strengthen skin cells and boost their moisture content.
*

Get sufficient sleep as the skin's cellular repair activity is at its optimum during this resting phase.
*

Exercise benefits skin as it boosts circulation and encourages blood flow. Regular exercise will nourish and cleanse your skin from within.
*

To nourish and smooth the skin, mash half an avocado and mix with a few drops of fresh lemon juice and spread over the cleansed skin. Leave on for fifteen to twenty minutes, then dab off the excess with a soft tissue. Splash the skin alternately with cold and warm water.
*

For a quick and easy skin pack, mash a ripe banana with a fork and spread it thickly onto the face and throat. Leave on for ten to fifteen minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water.

caring-for-dry-skin-in-winter

2009-01-07T14:18:00.002-08:00

Caring for dry skin in winter
Many experience to have more dry skin in winter, when humidity is low, and the skin has come easy to feel dry and tight and may begin. SKALLESLUGER of that. Do you have a tendency to dry skin? it is important that you prevent and treat it with moisturizer.

Guidelines for care of dry skin

* The more dry your skin is, the more fat you need in the creams you buy. Due. the low-fat lotion is not suitable for dry skin and skin with eczema.
* For the treatment of mild dry skin should use a fatter cream once or several times a day.
* If you have very dry skin or eczema, it may be necessary to use a special cream that contains extra large quantities of natural skin fats, which attaches directly to the skin as a gain of hudbarrieren. Ask your doctor if necessary.

Caring for dry skin is important
Dry skin is in itself annoying, but dry skin is also one of the first signs that the skin barrier is compromised, and the skin begins to scale and burst. The dry skin is less resistant to penetration by, inter alia, bacteria and other harmful substances.

If your skin is dry, you’ll be easier rash and irritation of the skin. Dry skin trigger itching, and it can help to exacerbate skin diseases.

dry-skin-care

2009-01-07T14:18:00.001-08:00

How to go about this condition?

If you want to improve your social life a bit, some improvements must be made.In some cases, it is widely advised not to use ordinary tap water for cleansing your dry skin, the water carries deposits that dry an already affected skin, you should not use hot water and only mineral water for your face. Use also gentle cleansers, oils and moisturizers. Avoid high PH products and commercialized soaps as these can rub away more the oils in your skin. Sometimes, it is also attributed to genetic conditions, the way one eats. Deficiencies of Vitamins A and B these are other contributing factors to dry skin.

Sleep well. A good and well rested skin is a healthy skin. Regular use of rejuvenators, which will give it a soft, moist look, we’re all after that healthy baby skin look right? Try to massage the skin in your face to encourage the oil glands to produce more oils. Do this with soft moisturizers or light baby-oils, this is best done just before retiring at night.

If you don’t have a good strong moisturizer during those cold winter days, don’t go out! Cold causes the skin’s liquid’s to evaporate.

Do not to smoke. Remember the skin is connected to those tiny capillaries and which nicotine constricts. Try to care for your skin more, it covers you..

protect-your-skin-in-winter

2009-01-07T14:17:00.002-08:00

You can protesct your skin in winter. We know that it is difficult for us. But now we will give you some tips about protecting your skin. Just watch.

7-advice-from-the-beautician-for-your-skin-care

2009-01-07T14:17:00.001-08:00

7 advice from the beautician

1st
Get your skin type determined by a beautician - you get to know exactly how your skin is screwed together. So you can even choose which products to use in the future
2nd
Clean your face both morning and evening. Even if you are tired
3rd
Keep up the products with alcohol in. It makes your skin dry
4th
Peel your skin once a week - both body and face. It removes dead skin cells and get your skin to radiation
5th
Be sure to eat healthy and varied and eat any. a vitaminpille every day
6th
Wash your face in lukewarm water, because hot water dries the skin. It is important that your cleaning product can be rinsed off with lukewarm water
7th
Large sunglasses protects not only your eyes but also the skin around them

In addition, you can follow these tips if your skin is dry and irritated - for example, after much sun and sea:

* Avoid excessive use of water and soap, detergent and similar
* Use instead of cream or an oil-based cleaning agent
* Do not work too much with solvents and other chemicals
* Avoid using rubber gloves and tight fitting clothes often
* Avoid using products that can irritate the skin in the daily - ie. makeup, colored and perfumed creams and the like
* Avoid exposing your skin to the sun too often and ensure effective sunscreen
* Avoid high temperature at home
* Avoid smoking
* Drink plenty of water
* Use of oils and moisture entities will stimulate glands to function more normally and will give your skin moisture and nutrients
* Use a moisture mask at night around. once a week

how-can-i-get-rid-of-dry-skin

2009-01-07T14:15:00.002-08:00

You can find alot of information about this question but it is really simple to care for your dry skin.
- Use vaseline or body lotion (hands and legs, apply before you go to sleep)
- Don’t wash your skin with hot water
- Eat fruits (vitamin A and E)
- Put baby oil on while you are still wet from the shower or bath and then dry it off with a towel.
- Use olive oil

factors-that-reduce-moisture-to-the-skin

2009-01-07T14:15:00.001-08:00

It should be noted that there are various factors that reduce moisture to the skin, among them are:

* Smoking.
* Consume alcohol.
* Diet deficient.
* Certain medicines.
* Climate change, because the heat induces sweating, and the cold reduces the role of the sebaceous glands.

However, dry skin usually present with features that can be easily recognized:
* Roughness.
* Feeling of tension.
* Possible itching.
* Cracking.
* Tendency to irritation and inflammation.

vitamins-for-dry-skin-and-skin-car

2009-01-07T14:12:00.000-08:00

Vitamin A: Prevents the formation of wrinkles and counteract the harmful effects of the Sun.

Vitamin B1: It reduces dark circles and swelling in the eyelids and delay premature aging.

Vitamin B2: Reduces the secretion of fat in face, which prevents the emergence of mud, shins and black spots.

Vitamin B3: Strengthens the hair fibers, protects the collagen and blood vessels, moisturizes the skin and blocks the harmful effects of sunlight.

Vitamin B5: Regenerates and moisturize the skin.

Vitamin B6: It balances sebum production in the skin and fat prevents the outbreak of mud and shins.

Vitamin B8: Softens the skin and protects the seborrhea (overproduction of sebum in the scalp).

Vitamin C: Returns luminosity to the skin, improves elasticity, refined texture, fades stains your skin tone and uniform.

Vitamin E: Counteracts the aging of the skin.

Vitamin F: It helps restore the protective barrier of the skin.

Vitamin H: Stimulates the production of natural fatty acids, helping to give a glow to the face.

Vitamin K: Improving the look of fur with red zones.

As you can see, we have large variety of vitamins that can keep the skin soft and beautiful, so there are no excuses to neglect it, you would appreciate it and you look more attractive.

what-can-cause-itchy-dry-skin

2009-01-07T14:11:00.004-08:00

A lot of reasons for itchy dry skin, some of them:

-it could be excema. if it is, talk to the doc. about some cream. the other stuff doesn’t really work
-A dermotologist can tell you. Best thing for dry skin is lotion, but you may have some sort of physical problem if you bleed easily. See a doctor.
-It is cause of the Winter and the coldness. Use lotion (too bad I can’t use lotion cause I’m allergic)

how-to-avoid-dry-skin-video

2009-01-07T14:11:00.003-08:00

Watch this video and learn how to avaoid drying skin.You sholud do some basic rules for protecting your skin. This video will help you how to protect …………

the-best-creams-for-dry-skin

2009-01-07T14:11:00.001-08:00

Dry skin is the opposite of oily skin. A dry skin is that which is deficient in fat, which has a delicate skin, easily irritable with friction. When you rubbed it with something, is scaly with ease and it affects much the cold that tends to react with a marked redness, especially in the cheeks where the capillaries are marked clearly as Venita red. In contact with water, especially tap, which is usually a fairly hard water, is often more resect. Dry skin is presented with the pores sealed with a matte appearance.

This type of skin requires a very special and careful treatment is very important hydrated regularly with algúnremedio for dry skin especially the face that is very fragile. The food should be rich in antioxidant properties with many foods (foods rich in vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin A in the form of beta-carotene)

For dry skin is better a cream containing more fat to make this type of skin is kept more moist. A day cream that draws the wheat germ oil, avocado oil, castor oil, soybean oil, beeswax and cocoa butter, could be used properly.

The cream was applied after the cleaning process of the skin. To do this, we will apply the cream with the pulp of the fingers, circular motion outwards and upwards.

The best lotion for dry skin

Among the many creams available, we can mention the following:

Formula 1

Cream of wheat germ for dry skin

Ingredients:

- 30 ml of wheat germ oil

- 1 tablespoon cocoa butter or margarine

- 1 tablespoon beeswax

- 20 ml of water of roses.

- Essence of orange blossom

Preparation:

- Place the cocoa butter and beeswax in a saucepan and bring to the water bath. Heat gently until it becomes liquid.

- Add wheat germ oil.

- Place in a saucepan of water to hand roses and heat it.

- Add the water rose to the mix before.

- Batirlo until everything is put thick.

- Add 3 drops of essence of orange blossom.

Use:

Apply after cleansing process of the skin for dry skin.

Formula 2

Cream of avocado for dry skin

Ingredients:

- A teaspoon of beeswax

- Half tablespoon of cocoa butter or margarine

- Two and a half tablespoons of avocado oil

- Essence of Tila

- 5 tablespoons water

Preparation:

- Place the wax, cocoa butter and avocado oil in a saucepan and bring to the water bath. Heat gently until it becomes liquid.

- Dilute a few drops of essence of Tila in 5 tablespoons of water.

- Mix the dilution prior to the butter mixture and avocado. Batirlo until everything is put thick.

- Keep the mixture inside a container in the refrigerator.

Use:

Apply after cleansing process of the skin for dry skin.

Formula 3

Calendula cream for dry skin

Ingredients:

- 3 tablespoons soy oil.

- A teaspoon of cocoa butter or margarine.

- 2 tablespoons of avocado oil.

- Essence of calendula

Preparation:

- Place the cocoa butter, soybean oil and avocado oil in a saucepan and bring to the bain marie. Heat gently until it becomes liquid.

- Dilute a few drops of essence of calendula in 5 tablespoons of water.

- Mix the previous dilution with the mixture of lard and soybean oils and avocados.

- Keep the mixture inside a container in the refrigerator.

Use:

Apply after cleansing process of the skin for dry skin.

practical-tips-on-dry-skin-care

2009-01-07T14:09:00.001-08:00

Winter is approaching and I am sure most of you are probably worried about your skin. Dry skin is one of the hardest to maintain during the winter, especially when you put on makeup. Flakey skin is unattractive and makes you look unhealthy and dehydrated. These are some practical tips on dry skin care!

1) The cold weather during winter makes your skin not only dry, but sensitive as well. This is the best time to start changing your skin care. It’s best if you do not use commercial products that contain petroleum as well. Creams and other products that contain natural hypoallergenic ingredients will suit your skin the best. For example, Cocoa butter or Shea butter products are best for your body. These ingredients contain essential oils like Vitamins A, D, C and E. They heal, moisturize and has an anti-ageing effect!

2) If your skin is dry and irritates easily, use a mild soap while showering and shower with lukewarm water instead of hot water. A gentle body wash instead of a normal soap will also do your skin wonders! Also use a mild exfoilater that will gently remove dead cells from your skin! Apply your moisturizer/lotion within 3 minutes of getting out of the shower so that your skin will absorb the moisture well and seal it in.

3) If your skin has developed dry or itchy spots, try to avoid scratching! Apply a moisturizing lotion a few times a day and avoid water from coming in contact with the area. Dry skin is also prone to eczema and other skin conditions, so be sure to load your diet with lots of fish and essential oils!

4) During the winter, it is best to invest in a humidifier that will add moisture to the air in your room. This will help improve your skin condition almost immediately!

practical-tips-on-dry-skin-care

2009-01-07T14:09:00.000-08:00

Homemade-masks-for-dry-skin

2009-01-07T14:07:00.000-08:00

Homemade recipes for natural treatment of dry skin and sensitive

Dry skin is characterized as very sensitive, making it necessary, apply often masks to make good the lack of fat, the nurture and protect. The homemade masks for dry skin, for its high content of vegetable oils, inhibit the formation of wrinkles and premature aging of the skin dry. Learn how to develop the best masks for dry skin, in your own home.

Taking care of dry skin, which is more sensitive than other types of skin, needs special attention, since it tends to cause wrinkling prematurely. Masks with a high content of vegetable oils and other natural nutrients are ideal for the lack of fat, nourish and protect dry skin from attacks from cold, wind and sun, which are particularly sensitive.

Below is a selection of the best recipes for homemade masks for the treatment of natural and your skin dry. Try them out and choose the one that best suits your skin type, you can start today, as they generally require only simple ingredients, it’s likely you have in your home.

* The egg for their high nutrient content and natural fats is a classic in the development of homemade masks for dry skin. If you need to know how to make an egg mask for dry skin, you can choose any of these recipes:
or mask recipe for homemade egg and honey
or recipe for homemade mask of egg yolk

* Another of the favorites in the preparation of homemade masks for dry skin is the avocado. The properties of avocado, related to its high content of vegetable oils, fruit makes this an ideal ingredient for the treatment of homemade dry skin, you can try this recipe for homemade avocado mask.

* Nuts such as almonds, are another rich source of vegetable oils, very appropriate for the beauty of your skin dry. This recipe for homemade almond mask is excellent, if you have this skin type.

* They are known the benefits of drinkable yogurt for a skin look natural, though not the only way that this derived from milk can contribute to the beauty of your skin. Also, can you elaborate masks of yogurt, ideal for toning, cool and at the same time, nourish your skin dry.

* It can not be absent from this selection of masks, the brewer’s yeast. The recipe for homemade mask of brewer’s yeast is indicated for the treatment of a revitalization of dry skin, which has been subjected to the elements sun, wind or cold.

Natural-remedies-for-acne

2009-01-07T14:06:00.004-08:00

FITOTERAPIA

(Prepared with plants for acne)

The main function of herbal medicine in the treatment of acne involves the use of a number of plants that are fundamental goal:

- Sewage plant,

- Plants bactericides to remove the germs

- Plants that help clean the affected area of fat

- Plants that reduce the production of fat in the area

Internal Use

We recommend the use of treatment plants that remove toxins from the body and improve the health of the skin. The skin is an organ that often manifest in the health status of our interior.

Most of these plants produce a profit debugged the body by increasing urination, so it should not be taken in those cases in the presence of hypotension. Likewise the presence of tannins in many of these plants can cause intestinal discomfort and their use should be avoided if patients present gastrointestinal ulcers or gastritis.

Oats (Avena sativa) (Decoction of 5 tablespoons per plant dry glass of water for 30 minutes. Take a pair of glasses, broken into several shots throughout the day)

Bistorta: (Decoction of 5 deg. Of rhizome. Take three cups a day, outside of meals)

Boxwood: Decoction of some pieces of dried bark per liter of water for a quarter of an hour. One cup a day, divided into 4 shots. Do not take during pregnancy!

Brecina: Infusion of a handful of sumidades floriferous per cup of water for 15 minutes. A cup after the three main meals.

Pony tail: Decoction for 30 minutes of a handful of dried plant in a liter of water. Take 3 cups a day)

Juniper: Decoction during 12 minutes of one tablespoon of crushed dried berries per cup of water. Take 3 cups a day. Do not take during pregnancy!

Filipendula: Infusion of a spoonful of dried plant in a cup of hot water without coming to the boil order not to destroy the salicylic acid - Take 4 cups a day outside of meals.

Gatuña: (Decoction to 5% of the dried roots. 5 cups a day)

Strawberry: (Three to four cups a day of the infusion of leaves and roots)

Black currant: (Infusion of 2 to 2.5 teaspoons of dried leaves per liter of water. Take a couple of glasses a day)

Lemon: (Taking juice to cool the plant will)

Nettle: (Decoction of dried roots for 10 minutes. Take 3 cups per day) (Infusion of two tablespoons of dried leaves per liter of water. Take three times daily before meals.)

Parietaria: (Two or three infusions per day for a couple of teaspoons of dried leaves per liter of water can be used in the ailments for which it is useful to remove fluid from the body (this remedy may be replaced by dyeing. In If this were taken 40 drops daily diluted in water divided into three daily)

Spring: (Decoction of a handful of flowers in half a liter of water. Take several small glasses a day)

Bloodthirsty: Infusion of a spoonful of dessert sumidades floriferous. Take three cups a day.

Saponaria: Decoction of 50 deg. of dried leaves per liter of water. Filter without leave to stand to avoid the formation of toxins. Take 2 glasses per day)

Willow: (Decoction to 3% of the crust, for I quarter hour. Take three cups a day)

Pine: (Decoction for 10 minutes, 5 tablespoons of dried leaves per liter of water. Allow to cool and drink 3 cups a day.)

Verbena: (Infusion for 15 minutes of one tablespoon of dried plant per cup of water. Take 3 cups a day) do not take during pregnancy!

Yucca: (one or two capsules or tablets per day of extract of the plant)

Vid red: The use of this plant favors the elimination of liquids and helps purify the blood and improve the treatment of abnormalities associated with excessive retention of body fluids, such as in the edema, gout or arthritis. (Decoction for 1 / 2 hours, 30 grams of tendrils in a liter of water. Allow to cool for 30 minutes more, color and make 2 glasses per day)

Tila : The flowers of linden have properties diaphoretic, which means that they can increase the body sweat. Through the sweat, the body is able to eliminate many toxins, so you sweat in abundance is very effective in case of rheumatism or gout. The elimination of toxins through the sweat allows ease joints and lessen the nuisance caused by these diseases. (Infusion of half teaspoon of dried flowers per cup of water. Take a couple of cups a day. Maintain treatment for a couple of weeks.)